SchultheiÃŸ

The bailiff or debt hot (from Old High German sculdheizo, power command Ender ', Latinized ( mittellat. ) Sculte (t ) us) designates a provided in many West Germanic legal systems officials, guilt begs: He had on behalf of his master ( sovereign, lord of the city, landlords ) to stop the members of a community to power their duty, so to collect taxes or to take care of the note to other commitments. Linguistic variants of Schultheißes are Schulte, Schulte or Schulze. Previously, a distinction was made between the city mayor and the village mayor. In the municipal court and he was a municipal constitution of the city council or by the lords commissioner to exercise the administrative authority and justice.

The mayor was also most judges of the lower courts. In Frisian and Frankish law, he was an auxiliary officer of the counts, entrusted with the collection of funds and the execution of judgments, usually also hundred leaders. Similar or similar official positions were bailiff, Fronbote, Meier, Minister, Villicus, Vogt ( in alphabetical, not chronological order ).

In French, corresponds to the reeve of Écoutète, in the Polish Sołtys, in the Slovak Šoltýs, in the Bohemian Rychtář, in the Netherlands the Schout, in English the Bailiff or Mayor.

History

As part of the eastern settlement of the estate entrepreneur ( locator ) was regularly among other rights, and the mayor's office, which generally takes place especially in the rural area next judicial powers, the function of the village authorities and outside the court system. There are all electoral arrangements: the free choice by the village community to the unilateral establishment by the village women.

The high office of municipal mayor goes back to the Schultheißentum in the medieval court. In the Mirror of Saxony from the period around 1230 it says: You can not judge ( the king spell at the Thing invites ) hold true Thing without its mayor, before he should undertake to right ... ( ssp. I/59, 2). In the cities, the citizenry occupied early this office of deputy judge, and when the cities in the late Middle Ages also acquired the high justice, the mayor became the highest judge of the city and in this way often the head of the city at all.

Later, he could also be the head of a municipal (city mayor ) or rural community ( Schulze ). In the East German colonization in the Middle Ages mostly chivalrous entrepreneurs had held this position as Erbschulze, the office was tied to family or property ownership. In Altsiedelgebiet and Ostthüringen the rule established by the official Schulze (Latin greve cent ) had held the office often held for life.

In the old German judiciary (see Thing ) he had presided over the aldermen in the High Court. Since the 15th century the official name Schulze was in different regions (eg axes ) by the official title of ousted judges, the judges working in the patrimonial often also the title wore court Schulze. His duties were probably originally participating in regional courts, the administration of taxes and services as well as various regulatory rights (possibly even at the same time for the range of several villages and regionally differentiated). Since the 16th century it increasingly functions are delegated from the village and municipality by the provincial government, the former of the determined by the local church officials ( Heimbürger ) have been met. This gradually disappeared, the dualism between imposing and cooperative officials.

As Schulze he was largely the headman in the sense of a mayor in the 17th to the 19th century. The former "mayor" had the function of today's community nurse. So the official designations mayor or city mayor for the mayor were only replaced on 1 December 1930 Mayors in Württemberg.

The office of mayor, which was broadcast in more recent times by choosing the members of the community, but still needed the magisterial confirmation was formerly often with the possession of certain goods ( Schulzengut, Schulz fief, Bauermeister fiefs in Silesia Scholtisei, Erbscholtisei, Scholten or Scholzengut called ) connected. The corresponding names of these farms have been preserved in part to the 20th century. Depending on whether the possession of the Schulz farm was associated with certain obligations to the state or feudal lord or not, a distinction was made between the service freyen mayor, or free- mayor, and the mayor's service (see also: Free Richter). The farm was mayor of a free Freischulzenhof called.

Meaning and function in Switzerland

In Switzerland ( German Switzerland ) the name Schultheiss for the chairman of the municipal government through the Middle Ages also remained, especially in the ruled by aristocratic Patriziaten cantons (city and able leader of the Republic), but then as a title for the chairman of city courts and other city offices.

Up to the present time the title was Schultheiss for the annually changing president of the government of the canton of Lucerne ( Government ) in use. With the new Lucerne Cantonal Constitution of 2007, which came into force in 2008, the term Schultheiss was common in the majority of the German Swiss cantons term government president replaced (see Landammann ). The Deputy was called to 2008 Schultheissen governor. Electoral body for Schultheiss and governors was the Grand Council ( new name with the same competence: Cantonal ), the Parliament of the Canton of Lucerne. The members of the Governing Council, however, are elected by the people in Majorzverfahren.

Use in the naming

Schultheiss is also based form one of the most widely used German surname, which is also found in numerous variations such as school, Schulze, Schulte, shoulder, Schultz, Schultze, Schulzeck, Schulten, Schuldt, Schulthess, Scholtes, Schotes, Schultheiss, Schultheis, hot or hot. These forms of writing in accordance with the regional pronunciation and spelling for the function and the office of mayor. In addition, from the Silesian upcoming versions with O: Scholz, Scholze, etc. is in the Swabian word from the mayor of Schultes. In the early modern period, a number of people walked the name Latinized as humanists or name to Scultetus, Sculteus or Praetorius. Sulc, outside the Czech Republic also Sulc: Also, a Czech spelling of the name exists. In Slovakia, the name also occurs in the form Šoltýs or Šoltés ( Slovak spelling). In Austria there is then the shape Theißl. Another notation originated in the Banat of kuk Time, written as a Hungarian registrar Schulcz.

The shape Schulte is often also found in compound names, the second name element was originally a farm name, eg Schulze Dalhoff, Schulze Dieckhoff, Schulze Elshoff, Schulte Renger, Schulte Mesum, Schulte Wermeling, Schulze Pellengahr, Bock Schulz, Schulze - Behn - Bock, etc. Another form of the name is still Schulte- Bisping, the second name of Bischoff derived, which began with the local mayor.

Known Schultheiße

Here aboard Bismarck (approx. 1200-1280 ), mayor of Stendal
Brunwart of Augheim (ca. 1250 -ca. 1300), mayor of Neuenburg am Rhein
Michael Beheim ( 1420 -ca. 1480), mayor of Sülzbach
Thüringstrasse of Ringoltingen (1415-1483), mayor of Bern
Kaspar Mettelbach († 1484 ), mayor of Heilbronn
Gottfried leg ( † 1493 ), mayor of Heilbronn
Johann Erer (ca. 1450-1503 ), mayor of Heilbronn
Wolffgang Wesener (1494-1557), mayor of Halle an der Saale
Peter Feurer (ca. 1510-1553 ), mayor of Heilbronn
Leonhard Fronsperger (ca. 1520-1575 ), field court magistrate
Samuel Frisching ( I) ( 1605-1683 ), mayor of Bern
Christoph Fahrner (1616-1688), mayor of Lochgau
Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausenmuseum (1622-1676), mayor of Renchen in the service of the Bishop of Strasbourg
Johann Georg Spitzer ( 1644 ), mayor of Heilbronn
Johann Valentin Triebel († 1716), mayor of Vesser in the Thuringian Forest
Samuel Frisching ( II ) ( 1638-1721 ), mayor of Bern
Johann Friedrich von Willading (1641-1718), mayor of Bern
Johann Parum Schultze (1677-1740), mayor of the village Süthen in Hanoverian Wendland
Johann Wolfgang Textor (1693-1771), mayor of Frankfurt am Main, grandfather of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Johann Christoph von Dreyhaupt (1699-1768), mayor of Halle an der Saale
Great Christian Bayer (1718-1782), mayor of Haigerloch
Johann Peter Wültgens (1738-1787), mayor of Kinzweiler
Gottlieb Friedrich Wagner (1774-1839), mayor of Maichingen
Emanuel Friedrich von Fischer (1786-1870), mayor of Bern
Titot Heinrich (1796-1871), mayor of Heilbronn
Barnabas Mattes (1805-1881), mayor of Nendingen
Julius Schad (1824-1900), mayor of Tuttlingen
Eduard Fiechtner (1843-1922), the last mayor of the autonomous municipality Untertürkheim
Adolf Age (1876-1933), mayor of Böckingen

Bearers of the name

Agnes mayor (1873-1953), educator, linguist and councilor in Ulm
Franklin mayor (1928-2006), Managing Director of the Federal Agency for Civic Education in Bonn
Henry of mayor (1580-1646), German witches judge in Westphalia
Joachim Ludwig mayor of Unfriedt (1678-1753), German architect and builder in the Duchy of Prussia and Königsberg
Michael Praetorius, Michael actually mayor (1571-1621), German composer, organist, court conductor and scholar
Paul Praetorius (originally School Hot or Schulze ) ( 1521-1565 ), educator and scholar
Walter Schultheiss (* 1924), German actor, writer and painter

Adrian Schultheiss (* 1988), Swedish figure skater
Dieter Schultheiss ( * 1940 ), Austrian tennis player
Götz Schultheiss under the forelock († 1408), Schultheiss of Winterthur