Virginia Henderson

Virginia Avernal Henderson ( born November 30, 1897 in Kansas City, Missouri, † March 19, 1996 Brandford, Connecticut) was an American nurse, Pflegetheoretikerin and well-known author of nursing textbooks.

In 1918 she started in the Army School of Nursing in Washington, DC (Military nursing school of the army ), the nursing education and graduated from there with her diploma in 1921.

1924 was followed by a first job as a trainer. After Henderson graduated from the " bachelor of science" and the "master of arts " in Nursing Education. In 1934 she became a member of the faculty of the nursing faculty of Teachers College, Columbia University. 1953 she moved for a research project that would analyze the state of nursing research in the United States, at Yale University, School of Nursing. After completion of this work Henderson was awarded the contract for the management of the Nursing Studies Index Project (1959 to 1971). Its result was the publication of the four-volume index. After Henderson was Emerita of Yale University. With 75 years she began again with a new professional career as an international teacher and speaker presentation.

1979 founded the Connecticut Nurses Association one named after her award for outstanding nursing science. Henderson received this award the first. She was among other things, twelve honorary doctorates and the International Council of Nurses (ICN ) the Christiane Reimann Prize.

Foundations of their theory

Man is not to be seen in detail. It should not only the disease to be treated, but the human being as a whole ( holistic care ). There are family, work, social environment, friends and especially the needs involved with.

The needs of a human being are the basis in Henderson's theory. The task of the caregiver is, the people in the event that he can not meet his needs, to help meet the needs. The main focus has to be on but to guide the people to be able to meet its own needs again.

Virginia Henderson's definition states that: " [ should be helped ] the sick or healthy people in the performance of activities that are his health or recovery (or a peaceful death ) conducive and which he would exercise without assistance even if he would have the strength, will power or knowledge required for this purpose. [ The nurse ] delivers its aid in a way that the Neat regain its independence as quickly as possible. "

Henderson believes that every person different emphasis lays on its needs and their satisfaction, depending on its culture, its social and individual basis. The factors that affect the needs, were " his socio-cultural background, his physical and mental resources, his energy, his will, his motivation and his age " (Henderson 1997). The most important function of the nurse is to find out can not meet even the needs which the patient and where it needs to complement it. Henderson emphasized that the patient's needs can not be determined unverified, but that the nurse in collaboration with the patient, supported by their observation skills, assess the needs and potential solutions must.

Model of the basic needs for Henderson

Henderson has defined 14 basic needs for every human being are the basis of their opinion, and should be based on an assessment of these. Henderson was of the opinion that the mental balance is inextricably linked with the physical balance. The Maslow's hierarchy of needs, starting with the physical needs and ends with the psychosocial components, can be found in the 14 elements again. The caregiver provides assistance where needed, and creates conditions in which the patient can perform these activities independently. After Henderson belong to the basic needs:

Henderson has initially identified 15 basic needs. Of these 15, however, only the first 14 were called by the subsequent authors who have taken Henderson's work as a basis. Virginia Henderson's model has become known as a model of the 14 basic needs.

For Henderson, it was clear that the caregiver is responsible for meeting the needs of the patient and responsible.

According to Henderson, the patient, the center for all it has to be therapeutically involved. The care has not to be deterred by not nursing activities of their task, such as bureaucratic or administrative activities. In emergency situations, the nurse if the doctor should not be present to cover for this. For nurses, the support of the patient and the restoration of his independence a top priority. The destination must be a health promotion, to enable a cure or a peaceful death. The nurse must limit for all aspects of the patient in his needs, make it incomplete because his. It must be for his " limitations " occurs and must try by all means to compensate for this and to supplement so that the patient " is complete " again. Henderson knew that this is an almost insoluble problem for the caregiver is.

Henderson summed it up:

" It is a time for the unconscious consciousness, for the suicide vulnerable love for life, for the amputee 's leg for just blinded his eyes, for the toddler the means of locomotion, for the young mother knowledge and confidence to those who are too weak or too contact to communicate, the "mouthpiece" and so on. "

Henderson, it is also important that the patient as far as it is possible to ensure employees. As a basis, however, the care plan with the patient must be discussed. Only then will the patient understands the entire process whose center he is. Only then is it possible to collaborate and accelerate his recovery. Henderson has never developed even a definition of health, but it can be assumed that it considers a person to be healthy, if he can, all 14/15 basic needs without any help even perceive, so is independent. For Henderson also the death of the care was an important task and should not be excluded. The nurse can help a lot for a peaceful death, by making it as pleasant and comfortable to the patient, as it is possible. According to Henderson, the care has to be considered not only the promotion of health, but also the possibility of dying.

According to Henderson, the care is a service that is required in the caregiver more than the obtained in the training expertise. A nurse has to empathize with their patients, trying to feel and think like him ( empathy). The patient must be noted that the caregiver is doing everything possible to empathize with him. The nurse must not use as a measure of their own needs and desires. Everyone has different priorities in his life. The nurse needs to see the patient's needs as the basis of their work. You must have its concepts of health, healing and a peaceful death match and try to do justice to his ideas.

To make the dependence of a patient vividly, Henderson has designed a circuit diagram model. Depending on the need for care to share a individual sectors of the diagram. The less a patient can do for themselves, the smaller its share of the pie chart and the parts are the greater of all involved in the recovery of the patient. Comparing the pie chart with a cake, the patient has one goal: " The goal of the patient is to get the widest possible piece of the pie, or to have the whole cake ." To achieve this goal each nurse must work.

Objectives of its theory

Henderson's objectives were:

• Clear zadelka that every human being has basic needs and these, when they are restricted, shall be incurred by a caregiver.
• Be Everyone is an individual and must be seen to do so
• The welfare of the patient is paramount.
• It is to always act according to the wishes of the patient.
• Try to enable all means to the patient 's independence.
• The patient is not seen alone, but also its environment ( family, job, etc.).
• The patient is to be included in the care largely with.

Professional care

For Henderson 's professional care to perceive the needs of the patient, to supplement, if necessary, and to allow the patient again an independence.

However, care has to be based on medical treatment plan and is therefore also by the attending physician dependent. The nurse must therefore compete with the doctor's instructions with in their care plan.

Kind of nursing relationship / interaction

The relationship between patient and nurse runs at various levels, from very dependent to completely independent. The levels are as follows:

This means that initially the caregiver is a replacement for some or all of the needs of the patient. If the care is successful, the patient should be able to satisfy more and more of his needs himself again. In this phase, the nurse should act only as a helper. Ideally, the patient should be independent again.

The patient should be able to maintain his daily routine as far as possible. The nurse should keep the daily routine of the patient as normal as possible.

Works

• Bertha Harmer, Virginia Henderson (1922, 1943 4 A): Text Book of the Principles and Practice of Nursing. Macmillan Comp, N Y. 1047 pages.
• Bertha Harmer, Henderson Virginia ( ditto different Aufl.angaben ): Textbook of the principles and practice of nursing. 4th ed New York: Macmillan, 1939; 5th. ed New York: Macmillan, 1955.
• Virginia Henderson: Nursing Studies Index, 1900-1959: An annotated guide to reported studies, research in progress, research methods and historical materials, in periodicals, books, and pamphlets published in English. Edited by Virginia Henderson associates and associates at Yale. Philadelphia: Lippincott. 1963, 1966, 1970, 1972 Reprinted. , 1984 Garland.
• Henderson Virginia, 1963: Principles of Nursing, International Council of Nurses. 1970 Ed Sr.; 3.Ausg. 1977 DBfK, ICN. Publishers Dt. Sisterhood, Frankfurt and Karger, Basel ( Switzerland )
• Virginia Henderson: Basic Principles of Nursing Care, for the International Council of Nurses (ICN ), publication available in 27 languages
• Virginia Henderson, 1966: The nature of nursing New York: Macmillan.
• Henderson Virginia, 1982: The nursing process. is the title right? In: Journ. of Adv Nurs. 7, 103-109
• Virginia Henderson: The nature of nursing. A definition and its implications for practice, research, and education. Reflections after 25 years. New York, National League for Nursing Press, 1991. NLN Pub. No. 15-2346.
• Simmons LW, Henderson Virginia: Nursing research: a survey and assessment. New York, Appleton, 1964.