Wilusa
WILUSA is called in Hittite texts of Western Asia Minor State of the Late Bronze Age. He is first mentioned around 1400 BC and the last time, just before the end of the Hittite Empire, around 1200 BC. WILUSA came around 1290-1272 BC, during the reign of Muwatalli II, as a vassal state under Hittite suzerainty. The fact that Wilusa is equated with Wilusiya, it is generally assumed in the research, but with no indication as absolute, since, for example for Wilusiya no accurate localization is possible.
- 6.1 Meaning KASKAL
- 6.2 Meaning KUR
- 6.3 Meaning DINGIR KASKAL KUR
- 6.4 Apollon
- 7.1 For Western Asia Minor Geography
- 7.2 Siting of Arzawan States
- 7.3 The Situation Wilusa
- 7.4 For the linguistic equation
- 7.5 The Egyptian sources
Classification Wilusa in the west of Asia Minor Geography
The location of Wilusa depends very strongly on the positing of other countries because of the attested Hittite states determine little more than individual positional relationships. Importantly, the identification of the IV mentioned in the Treaty of Tudhalija with Kurunta of Tarhuntassa country Parha and the river Kast ( a) riya with the attested in the classical period city of Perge and the river Kestros. This identification is now accepted by virtually all researchers.
By Annals fragment (probably Hattusilis III. ) In which Parha serves as a starting point for a campaign to Lukka, is shown a proximity of the two areas. The identification Lukkas by the hieroglyphic inscription of Yalburt, the IV is about a campaign Tudhalija in the Lukka - lands, and doing some cities is further enhanced mentioned, which can be identified with cities of Lycia classical problems. For example, Hitt. Wiyanawanda / Winuwanda = gr Oinoanda, Hitt. Awarna = aram. ' WRN = lyk. Arñna ( gr Xanthos ), Hitt. Talawa = lyk. Tlawa = gr Tlos and some others.
Classification Wilusa in the Arzawan States
WILUSA is expected at its main reference to the Arzawan countries. These besides the Kingdom Arzawan include the countries Mira Kuwalija, Seha and Appawiya and Hapalla. The kingdom Arzawan was conquered by the Hittite king Mursili II in a two-year campaign, and it probably spread to the princes of the other Arzawan States following. Arzawan appears after this conquest, no longer as an independent kingdom in the sources only as an overall term of the aforementioned Western states.
The location of Miras can be summed up by various sources to some extent, so is after the destruction Arzawa Oinoanda ( see the above- mentioned equation with Wiyanawanda ) is a border town Miras, and an inscription in Latmos can be due to the character shapes in the 14th century probably date to the empire time. The inscription does not contain a continuous text but only certain groups of characters, while a "man from Mira " ( VIR Mi-ra/ia REGIO ) and one mentioned " Great Prince Kupaya " ( MAGNUS.REX.FILIUS Ku -pa -ya ). The identification of the Kupaya with Kupanta - Kurunta of Mira is historic enticing but not fully secured. A third fixed point is given by the reading of Karabelinschrift by John David Hawkins, the text mentions a king Tarkasnawa of Mira. But that Mira was enough in the 14th century up to the Karabel, is not proven.
To the north, west or north-west of Mira joined probably the Seha River country. Mainly due to his name they wanted to it often in one of the major river systems of the West Des large meander ( modern: Büyük Menderes ), the Hermus ( Gediz Nehri ) or the Caicos ( Bakir Çayi ) locate. Most researchers represent today a heading Sehas the Hermus, what seems to be the most likely solution. The area south of it is likely to have originally belonged to Arzawan. An equation of Apasa, the capital of Arzawan with Ephesus is probable, therefore, even if not fully secured.
It is not known how far Seha handed in the south after the defeat Arzawa. It is quite possible that Mira was initially the primary beneficiary of the reorganization in the West. But that does not mean that Arzawan necessarily completely Mira was incorporated and it also does not exclude that later took place further shifts the boundaries.
By the flight of Mašuiluwa, the ruler of Mira, the country Masa, a nearby Miras to this country is possible. The same applies to the flight of Manapa - Tarhunta of Seha after Karkisa. For Seha is an interest for transactions on Lazpa can continue ( with high probability the island of Lesbos) notice so that a close to this country is also possible. However, this does not necessarily imply that Seha also included the Kaikostal, as is claimed now and then. For Seha as for Mira can finally be a close, maybe even find neighborhood Wilusa.
Sources about the location of Wilusa
The main sources of localization Wilusa are
- The Manapa - Tarhunta - letter
- The treaty of the Hittite Great King Muwatalli II with Alaksandu of Wilusa
- And the Milawata letter.
Alaksandu contract
In Alaksandu Treaty ( § 4) is a neighborhood of Wilusa the country Masa can be established, as the country Muwatalli Masa and another, whose name has not been preserved, defeated for WILUSA. An earlier heading north of the country Masa based on the North localization of countries such as Lukka, which are now called into question.
Also from Alaksandu Treaty ( § 8) is a proximity to Arzawan (maybe hereby Mira meant ) and Seha seen.
Another paragraph (§ 11 ) of the same treaty deals with the obligations of military service Alaksandu. After that he should be the Great King assist with campaigns that are run by Karkisa, Masa, Lukka and Warsiyalla out. Since military service was often registered for neighboring countries of the contractor in Hittite treaties, some researchers are convinced, would have found that Wilusa near Lukkas ( and other countries). This, however, equating with Troy would hardly be possible, as the Lukka countries were proven in southwest Anatolia. Other researchers attribute this statement in the text of the contract for various reasons less importance.
Milawata - letter
From the Milawata - letter finally a close Wilusa under the jurisdiction of the addressee can be established, as this seems to act as a suzerain over Wilusa. This was ruler of Millawanda ( = Milawata / Miletus ) or from an area adjacent to Millawanda area, probably one of the great Hittite vassal states in the West, Mira or Seha.
Other sources
In the ritual text KUB 15:38 Wilusa mentioned again next Karkisa and Masa, to appear Arzawan, Kuntara and Talawa attributable to the Lukka area and Iyalanti (probably Iyalanda ).
So far the Hermus not found a hethiterzeitliche inscription north, which could be harnessed somehow for the accurate determination of the western Anatolian geography.
Source review
The sources seem to contradict each other as to the location of Wilusa. On the one hand lay the proximity to Seha and possibly Lazpa near a location in the north. A localization Wilusa in the north would not even equal a localization Wilusa in the Troad.
Next it is important to remember that we do not know the extent Sehas currently Muwatallis, so at the time of Manapa - Tarhunta - letter and Alaksandu contract, our main sources, neither the North nor the southern border are safe for this time known.
Who represents a northern location of Wilusa, will have to solve the problem of localization of Masa and Karkisa.
The probability that the country Masa, which bordered yes at Wilusa, is to locate in the south, has grown considerably by the discovery of an inscription in Hattusa ( Südburg ). In this text, which is the land Masa is mentioned together with the known from the inscription Yalburt countries Lukka and Wiyanawanda that are locate in the Lycian region. The two countries Karkisa and Masa are therefore on different cards also very different localized ( eg Karkisa in Caria or in Mysia ).
Similarly, in Alaksandu contract the land Lukka, called next Karkisa and Masa as the starting point of campaigns, which would also point in the Southwest.
The counter-arguments, namely at the mention Lukkas in Alaksandu Treaty is the much broader, general term Lukka people meant, seems due to the repeated grouping Masa, Karkisa, Lukka, and because of the mention Lukkas and Masa alongside many other countries of the Southern Citadel inscription implausible. For a list of individual countries would hardly be the general term Lukka expected.
The argument that the repeated grouping Masa, Karkisa, Lukka was not due to geographical proximity is due to the expression of Alaksandu contract, which speaks of campaigns " of that area from " ( Apez KUR eaz ), is irrelevant.
Given the fact that Karkisa, Masa and Lukka are situate little more north today, also loses a north Wilusa localization of plausibility.
The problems of Südlokalisierung lie in the localization of the two vassal states Seha and Mira. If you want to WILUSA situate in the south, so we have to assume that parts Arzawa also fell to Seha, so this may have extended as far as the meander. This can be neither proved nor disproved using the sources. The location Sehas is, as already mentioned, quite unclear.
For equating Ilios - Wilusa and Tarwisa - Troy
An identity of Wilusiya and WILUSA is suspected. However, the location of only once, together with said state Wilusiya Tarwisa depends strongly on the localization of that country. An arrangement of the features mentioned in the annals Tudhaliya countries clockwise so that Wilusiya and Tarwisa lie in the Troad, represents an interpretation
The linguistic equivalences are also not very easy. Although the loss of w is phonetically in Greek, but would have to remain well- s at a borrowing in the late Bronze Age. At that time, in the Greek 's already vanished. See Mycenaean. e-e - si / ehensi / < * h1sénti. There remains only the possibility with various suffixes to argue, which is at least theoretically possible. Thus, for example, would the Anatolian suffix usa, which is otherwise known, is replaced by the suffix - ios gr. The same applies to the equation Troia - Tarwisa. A purely linguistic identification of the name is possible, but it must be expected with some blank intermediate steps.
Egyptian sources for Western Asia Minor Geography
In the Egyptian accounts of the Battle of Kadesh is mentioned besides the known countries Arzawan, Pitašša, Karkisa, Masa and Lukka yet another, previously known from Hittite sources Dardaniya country. This name can now be relatively easily match with the known from the Iliad ethnonym Dardanoi, which would point you in the Troas after the use of the name in Homer.
Only because of the linguistic correspondence to propagate a location in the Troad, but is exaggerated. This would require more information about the position Dardaniyas be present, but this currently is not the case. Furthermore, it is also possible that the Dardaniya region was known in the Hittite Empire under a different name. For an equation of Dardaniya with Wilusa there but does not want to start both countries in the Troad you, no good reason.
The itinerary in a Amenophis III. mentioned country Wiry is probably not the same as Wilusa, since it does not fit in the geographic context.
Term assignment as identification of Wilusa with Troy
Since the oath gods list of Alaksandu agreement, the term DINGIRKASKAL.KUR. is mentioned, was carried by many scientists to equate the term with underground streams. When they had finally unearthed an underground spring cave in Troy, which also corresponded exactly to the written descriptions, is further proof of the identity of Troy and Wilusa was seen.
Importance KASKAL
The Sumerogramm KASKAL used in the Akkadian and Hittite language in different versions. A literal translation is not possible. In the Amarna letters of Aziru to Akhenaten, the phrase ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ ANŠE.MEŠ at- ta - a- din na KASKALni Šu falls ( "May you for the great way to use the horses and donkeys "). In this context, KASKAL refers to " the big way ." Often KASKAL is mentioned in the context of distinctive borders and border routes. The nature of the boundary is irrelevant, which is represented by paths, mountain passes, rivers or landmarks.
Importance KUR
KUR is often as a term of the foreign country or a region, such as for KURDanuna for the Adana region. Originally the term was intended by the Sumerians for the hill country, in which unknown people lived and migrated over again as nomads. The horse, which was still unknown in Sumer, was given as a suffix KUR.RA and points in the same respect to the introduction of the mountain country. The Holy Temple, who was among others on the mountain heights, was called E- KUR -GAL or e - KUR, which can be translated as " mountain house ", " Great Mountain House " or " Mountain Temple ". In this temples or palaces sacrifices were regularly made for DINGIRKASKAL.KUR, without, however, remain limited to the mountain range.
Importance DINGIR KASKAL KUR
The small kingdom Emar stood in a vassal relationship to the Hittites and was commanded by the administrative seat of Carchemish. From the archive of Emar texts of the 13th century have survived BC, in whom the god of DINGIRKASKAL.KUR.RA.MEŠ Ša KIRI6 E2 GAL LI3 ("God of the great palace on the mountain, which stands for the limit " ) is called next to his female partner in connection with cult victims. Geographically, this God was in charge of the palace, together with the palace garden, which was in turn surrounded by two rivers.
In other religious cult festivals also was the worship of the same gods who were also called in field dimensions by striking boundaries as oath gods. In the story of Gilgamesh and Huwawa this term is applied to a boundary river in the mountains, but without the concept of God DINGIR.
The mythological background to place in the beginnings of the land of Sumer, in which the Sumerians started from the idea that based on underground pillars and surrounded by an ocean of the world is ( Apsu ). The overall interpretation must therefore take place with regard to the original application. In this respect, the term DINGIRKASKAL.KUR on mountains, rivers and underground streams can be expanded as the home of the lag " gods of the foundation of the earth" by the then ideas " in the underworld ."
Earlier translations " underground watercourse ", " source pool ", " mountain pass " or " way under the earth " give this concept area is well again, but without offering individually for the right explanation. DINGIRKASKAL.KUR is " the great routes / deferrals ( in ) the underworld god / gods " be interpreted with, but without claim to a word - literal translation.
Apollon
In the Iliad, Apollo is the chief god of the Trojans. His cult is now to be proved archaeologically in the city by some found in Troia stone steles. Apollo will also appear in Alaksandu Contract under the oath gods. The contract, however, is getting very fragmentary exactly at this location. The text says after a small gap [ ] x -ap -pa -li -u- na -as. It remains unclear whether there the whole word is received or only a part, and it remains unclear whether this is a Gods name to an attribute of God, or the remnants of the city name that belongs to a god.
The fact that the fragmentary character rest at the edge of the gap around the Gottesdeterminativ is - so appaliunas would really be a Gods name, and although fully intact - is only one of many possibilities. A proof of the Apollo cult in Wilusa is not found by this fragmentary name.