Bailiwick

In France of the ancien régime of the Bailiff (or Bayle ) was a feudal official who had been entrusted by the landlord with administrative, tax, police and judicial tasks. The Office and later the District of Bailli were called Bailliage. In the south of France as far north as Maine and Anjou, the same officer as Sénéchaux ( singular: Sénéchal ) were referred to their office or their county as Sénéchaussée.

Depending on the region, the bailiffs took very different tasks:

  • In the county of Provence of the 12th century, the Bailli had the powers of an actual governor.
  • In the 13th century, the bailiffs of Count Alphonse of Poitiers supervised the Count of Toulouse under their feudal lords.
  • In the Dauphiné the bailiffs to military tasks were upgraded castellans.
  • In the Duchy of Brittany, the Bailliages from the 12th century were largely in the old counties.

History

The royal bailiffs were initially (ie at the time of King Philip Augustus in the late 12th century ) Agents of the monarch, which monitor the work of Reeves ( Prévôts ) or ( in Normandy ) was responsible for the viscounts, without a regional to have jurisdiction. This resulted only in the time of King Louis IX, ie from 1226, with a regional structure was not yet given: .. Defined Bailliages emerged only 1230-1260 as a representative of the king in a part of the Domaine royal was the Bailli quickly the executor of the royal will to the regional lords, even in adjacent areas that did not belong to the property of the king: The Bailiff of Vermandois played a significant role in the County of Flanders, the Bailli of Mâcon, Lyon.

The institution of the Bailli was quickly adopted in other principalities. The Duke of Burgundy put the bailiffs, which functioned primarily as judges: one in 1239, three more in 1262, fifth in 1266, this number has multiplied in the 14th century.. The Free County of Burgundy Philip IV in 1333 divided into the Bailliage d' amont ( capital Vesoul ) and the Bailliage d' Aval (Salins ); 1422 taught Duke Philip the Good, the Bailliage du Milieu ( Dole ) is a ( 1676 Besançon was spun off as more Bailliage from amont and environment ).

The main difference between the northern French bailiffs and the south of France Sénéchaux ( in the Carolingian Empire was the Seneschal of the highest officials of the court ) is not in the tasks, but in the people. The Sénéchaux it was mostly to members of the old aristocratic families, often only temporarily perceived the office while it was in the bailiffs in general to career civil servants who were often transported for a career in several Bailliages in the central administration or the central jurisdiction.

End of the 15th century, the Sénéchaux were against the bailiffs highly regarded, and the distinction between North and South played only a subordinate role. King Louis XI. 1451 had a seneschal of Normandy (Louis de Brézé ), 1477 Sénéchaux in Artois and Boulonnais and a hereditary Seneschal of Burgundy, even appointed Philippe Pot with a " Grand Sénéchal de Bourgogne " (though this title was just this one time awarded). In Roussillon and Cerdanya in the Louis XI appointed seneschal 1461. The title " Grand Sénéchal de Provence " remained after the union of Provence made ​​with France.

The city of Paris was a special case. From Philip II to Louis IX. there were here two royal officials who were usually appointed from the urban citizenry, Prévôts ( bailiffs ), the task divided: one acted as a judge, the other a tax collector. Louis IX. Finally, the two tasks summarized again and appointed with Étienne Boileau a Garde de la Prévôté de Paris, for which the Grand Châtelet was enlarged and modernized.

From the 14th century officiated people as Bailli or seneschal, who had far to perceive other objects of it on site: Marshal Boucicaut, Robert of Clermont, Regnaud d' Aubigny or Jean de Bonnay, Sénéchaux de Toulouse. Some are explicitly (mostly in the Army) appointed in recognition of their contributions, the " Bâtard de Bourbon " received the Sénéchaussée de Toulouse with some other offices to secure him an income. The Marshal Gilbert III. de Motier, seigneur de La Fayette performed the duties of the seneschal of Beaucaire two years on an interim basis. Marshal Jean de Baudricourt was also Bailiff of Chaumont and Chalon, later concurrently Governor of Burgundy and Bailiff of Chaumont. The Duke of Bedford appointed for Paris French bailiffs, for Evreux in 1434 but the Englishman Roland Scandish to demand even without the usual oath as the new Bailli served as a captain in the army, between the Loire and the English Channel and was indispensable there.

Conversely, some Bailliages had the same number of bailiffs, the income from that office were divided: in Amiens Robert de la Boye was discontinued on October 22, 1391 due to the permanent absence, while his successor Thibaut de la Boissiere had been appointed since 1390, and Ferry de Hangest, Bailli since 1407, successively with David de Brimeu, Seigneur de Humbercourt (1410 ) and Philippe d' Auxy ( 1411 ) held (David de Brimeu was in 1415 a second and a third time in 1417 appointed Bailiff of Amiens, from 1408 again with Ferry de Hangest ). Furthermore, it was - still in Amiens at the same time - the task becomes apparent within less with each other intermarried families passed Thibaut de la Boissiere ( 1390 ), Jean de Bains ( 1393 ), Guillaume Tournebeuf ( 1399 ), Jean de Bains ( 1401, 2. time ), Thibaut de la Boissiere (1402, 2nd time), Jean de Bains ( 1403 3rd time ), David de Brimeu (1415 and 1417 - as mentioned - the 2nd and 3rd time ) and as his successor whose relative Denis de Brimeu. Was surpassed this game then of Regnaut de Longueval ( Bailli 1435-1456 ) and his son Arthur de Longueval ( Bailli 1456-1496 ), who could hold office 60 years in the family.

Similarly, in the Cotentin: Robert de Montauban, Bailli 1415-1417, Arthur de Montauban, Bailli 1450-1451, and Jean de Montauban, Bailli 1451-1455. Arthur de Montauban resigned the office to his brother Jean from, to devote himself to ecclesiastical offices - he was 1467 Archbishop of Bordeaux. In Melun followed one another: Philippe de Melun ( since 1435 ), his brother Charles, and finally his son Antoine. In Évreux finally the post at the end of the 15th century was firmly in the hands of Hangest family.

In Touraine, one finds: Jean du Fou ( Bailli 1480-1483 ), Guy Pot ( 1483-1484 ), re- Jean du Fou ( 1484 ), then his brother Yves ( since 1484 ), who took office as Seneschal of Poitou ( 1473 -1488 ) therefore did not give up - but still had several successors; Jean du Fou came back into office in 1488, his successor in 1492 again Guy pot.

At this time the office was still real, if a Captain-General or Lieutenant General of the King was not there already. In the mid-15th century, however, there were a number of bailiffs as pure title holders, of which no presence was expected more: the Office paid their services elsewhere, especially in the army, which caused them especially cost; so in Poitou Pierre de Brézé and Philippe de Commynes, in Montpellier Cousinot Philippe and François d' Este. Amaury de Craon traded in 1331 to the king the office of seneschal of Maine, together with an allocation of 10,000 livres for an annual pension of 1500 livres.

Again, the development in the city of Paris, unlike in the rest of the country: the Garde de la Prévôté de Paris remained an important function with the responsibility for order in the capital, even if it in the jurisdiction where two deputies ( lieutenants ) were added to: one each for the civil and criminal justice, whereby the Bailli this task actually abhandenkam with time.

1551 King Henry II created per Bailliage or Sénéchaussée a Bailliage Présidial, no new management, but merely an inserted between Bailliage Parlement and judicial level in order to strengthen its judicial system. 1764 was increased to 100, their number.

On the eve of the Revolution, the constituencies were established for the Estates-General on the basis of Bailliages. By an edict of January 24, 1789 more than 400 districts were created by the King. The Decree of 22 December 1789 - now by the Constituent Assembly - the resolution of the Bailliages and Sénéchaussées (as well as the Bailliages présidiaux ) and the establishment of the departments decided.

List of some Bailliages and Sénéchaussées

End of the Middle Ages there was Bailliages, which were obviously of very different sizes, and some of which were only a short time.

  • Alençon
  • Amboise
  • Amiens
  • Autun
  • Montagnes de Haute- Auvergne
  • Auxerre
  • Auxois
  • Baronnies
  • Bar-sur -Seine
  • Beaumont- le -Roger
  • Berry
  • Blois
  • Briançonnais
  • Caen
  • Caux
  • Chalon -sur -Saône
  • Chartres
  • Chaumont -en- Bassigny
  • Cotentin
  • Dijon
  • Dourdan
  • Embrunais
  • Epinal
  • Etampes
  • Évreux
  • Gapençais
  • Gevaudan
  • Gisors
  • Grésivaudan
  • Lille
  • Mâcon
  • Mantes
  • Meaux
  • Melun
  • La Montagne de Bourgogne
  • Montargis
  • Mont Ferrand ( today district of Clermont- Ferrand ) et Usson
  • Montfort l'Amaury
  • Mont Richard
  • Nemours
  • Normandy
  • Noyers
  • Orléans
  • Paris ( Prévôté et Vicomté de Paris)
  • Peronne, Montdidier et Roye
  • Rouen
  • Saint- Pierre -le- Moûtier
  • Senlis
  • Sens
  • Sézanne
  • Touraine
  • Tournai
  • Troyes
  • Velay
  • Vermandois
  • Viennois (La Tour-du- Pin)
  • Viennois ( Valentinois )
  • Vitry -en- Perthois
  • Vivarais
Alphonse, Count of Poitiers Crown lands of France Philip IV of France Dole, Jura Carolingian dynasty Louis XI of France Jean Le Maingre Cotentin Peninsula French livre Henry II of France Auvergne (region) Bar-sur-Seine Beaumont-le-Roger Berry (province) Arrondissement of Gap Mantes (disambiguation) Usson, Puy-de-Dôme Montrichard Montdidier (Somme) Senlis (disambiguation) Count of Vienne La Tour-du-Pin Vitry-en-Perthois Lexikon des Mittelalters Jean Favier
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