Nanai people
The Hezhen (also Hezhe; Manchu: Heje; Russia Nanai or Nanaier or Nanaien, conventional names in Western literature: Gold or Golden; Samagir; own names in IPA: [ xədʑən ], [ nanio ] and [ kilən ]; Chinese赫哲 族, Pinyin Hèzhézú; russian нанайцы, гольды ) are a people in Russia and the People's Republic of China ( there recognized one of the 55 officially recognized ethnic minorities in Russia, they are one of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East ). .
According to the last census in 2010, they include China in 5354, in Russia 12,160 ( of which 12,111 have mastered the Russian language, only 3,886 people speak the language nanaische ). They live mainly in the rivers Amur and Ussuri in the northeastern Heilongjiang Province and Russia in Khabarovsk ( 10,993; 90.4 %) - there especially in Nanaiski rajon about 200 km from the regional capital of Khabarovsk away - Primorje (417, 3.4% ) and the Sakhalin Oblast (179, 1.5 % of the total, all information to the 2002 census ).
The language of Hezhen belongs to the southern group of the Manchurian or Tungusic languages and is divided into the two dialects Hezhen and Kili ( Kileng ). Traditionally, they knew no own writing, in some cases, use was made of the Manchu and Chinese writing. In the Soviet Union a nanaiische written language was created, that is still taught in 13 schools in the Khabarovsk region. In China, this written language was never used. Only speak in China about 50 people Hezhenisch in Kili dialect, while the three people in the mid- 80s, yet the Hezhen dialect dominated, have probably died.
Traditionally survived the Hezhen of fishing and hunting, rarely some vegetables or cereals were grown. Dog and pig were the only domestic animals, the latter was also the most important sacrificial animal. From the edited skins of fish garments were made, which is why the Hezhen traditionally the Chinese as Yupi Dazi ( " fish-skin Tatars ) were known.
Part of their religious beliefs was of shamanism; as a shaman only those healers was called, who treated mental suffering and was a psychopomp, ie the deceased souls brought into the Hereafter ( Ling Chunsheng ). For others suffering more healers were responsible, among which the most important of the " Aha " ( slave ) was, who was responsible for the smallpox spirits. In the People's Republic of China prevailing religion scientific doctrine and literature of shamanism is treated as a religion and all healers of Hezhen are referred to as " shaman ".
- 3.1 Literature
- 3.2 Notes and references
- 3.3 See also
- 3.4 External links
Dissemination of Hezhen in China
The vast majority of China's Hezhen lives concentrated in six municipalities ( three Nationality municipalities):
- Community Bacha the Hezhen;
- Community Jiejinkou the Hezhen;
- Community Sipai the Hezhen;
- Greater community Aoqi;
- Greater community Fuyuan;
- Greater community Zhuaji.
Provincial level
At the census in the year 2000 4.640 Hezhen were counted in China.
County level
Here only values from 0.45% were considered. AG = Autonomous Region.
Dersu Usala
The Russian researcher Vladimir Arsenyev Klawdijewitsch traveled with the Nanaier Dersu Usala, who served as guide, beginning of the 20th century through until then not kartografiertes area on the lower reaches of the Ussuri. The Japanese director Akira Kurosawa filmed in the 1970s, the coexistence of the two.