Agaricus
Meadow mushroom (Agaricus campestris )
The mushrooms (Agaricus ) to German actually chestnut mushrooms or green compacts are a fungal genus of the family of mushroom relatives ( Agaricaceae ).
The type species is the meadow mushroom (Agaricus campestris ).
- 7.1 Literature
- 7.2 Notes and references
Importance
The genus of mushrooms are popular edible mushrooms, but also poisonous species occur, and accordingly polluted sites, some types of heavy metals accumulate. The Zweisporige mushroom (Agaricus bisporus ) is the world's most important cultural mushroom, other species, such as the Brazilian Mandelegerling, are also cultivated.
Ingredients
Mushrooms have a water content of 91 %, while the fat content is below 1%. The protein content averages about 4%. Mushrooms are considered to be low in calories; in 100 g contains about 24 calories. Furthermore they contain essential amino acids, vitamins C, D, E and B, niacin, and the minerals potassium, iron, and zinc. These values are average values and refer to cultivated mushrooms that are commercially available.
Features
Macroscopic characteristics
Mushrooms form in pileus and stipe articulated, mostly fleshy and depending on small to very large fruiting bodies. The hat skin is white, yellowish or brown, yellowing in some species to pressure or injury. The surface may be smooth, fibrous or flaky procure, but always dry and never greasy. The brim is ungerieft. The slats are free and usually crowded. In the young state they are pale gray to pink, colored at maturity of the spores therethrough chocolate brown to purple- black. The blades cutting edge is sometimes occupied ganzrandig fine flaky. The handle is set centrally and can be easily separated from the hat, he is cylindrical or clavate and often hollow with age. At the base of the stem may have a tuber, but no volva.
In contrast, the mushrooms have a velum partiale which remains as a non- sliding, sometimes double, often slightly ephemeral ring or at least as Velumrest on a stick. The Cap flesh can invariably be white or violation of more or less yellowing or reddening. The consistency of the stem flesh is sometimes zähfaserig. Some species specific smell of anise, almonds or phenol. Many species show vivid color reactions with reagents such as potassium hydroxide or phenol.
Microscopic characteristics
The thin-walled hyphae have no buckles on the septa. The hat skin consists of lying radially hyphae at the apex sometimes with palisades fragments. The trama of the lamellae is built regularly and can be structured irregular in old age. Cheilocystidia are sometimes collected during pleurocystidia missing. The basidia are club-shaped, relatively small and mostly 4- sporig - an exception is, for example, the breeding mushroom with 2- sporigen basidia. The spore powder is dark brown to purple-brown, the spores vary in size, usually small, roundish to langellipsoid and smooth depending on the type. They have a germ pore, which is, however, usually be seen only dimly. The spores are inamyloid and not dextrinoid.
Ecology
The mushrooms are saprobiontische residents (also fertilized ) soil or compost, which can occur in forests, meadows, gardens and steppes.
Species
For Europe, the following types are specified or are not expected for:
Giant mushroom Agaricus augustus
Salt marshes and mushroom Agaricus bernardii
City - mushroom Agaricus bitorquis
Guinea fowl and mushroom Agaricus moelleri
Meadow mushroom Agaricus campestris
Dünnfleischiger anise Egerling Agaricus silvicola
Fuzzy mushroom Agaricus subfloccosus
Carbolic mushroom Agaricus xanthodermus
System
The number of species in the genus is controversial, the separation of the species can be difficult. Worldwide, there are about 200 species in Europe are found about 60 species.
Classification of sections by Marcel Bon:
- Section Agaricus Field mushroom (A. campestris )
- Zweisporiger Egerling (A. bisporus )
- City mushroom (A. bitorquis )
- Small forest mushroom (A. silvaticus )
- Large forest mushroom (A. langei )
- Wine Reddish dwarf mushroom (A. semotus )
- Wies dwarf mushroom (A. comtulus )
- White Anischampignon or sheep's mushroom (A. arvensis)
- Dünnfleischiger Anischampignon (A. silvicola )
- Giant mushroom (A. augustus )
- Karbolchampignon (A. xanthoderma )
- Perlhuhnchampignon (A. placomyces var placomyces )