Anchusa officinalis
Common bugloss ( Anchusa officinalis)
The common bugloss ( Anchusa officinalis ) is a plant of the genus ox tongues ( Anchusa ). It is also called Common bugloss or simply ox tongue; less common are the common names liebäugel or bloodroot. It is widespread in Europe and was occasionally used in the past as a medicinal plant.
- 7.1 Literature
- 7.2 Notes and references
- 7.3 External links
Description
Appearance and foliage leaf
The common ox tongue is a biennial to perennial, herbaceous plant that reaches the plant height usually 30 to 70 (20 to 100) centimeters. It has a strong, up to 1.2 meters deep, held by black, wrinkled rings taproot. The stalk is fresh green to bluish green and densely covered with small nodules on sitting, little rigid, spreading hairs. The stem is usually simple and has only in the upper leaf axils sterile short shoots and branches of the inflorescence.
Of the alternate and spirally arranged leaves only the bottom are clearly stalked, the upper are sessile and more or less amplexicaul. The leaf blades are lanceolate to almost linear, and between 5 and 10 inches ( the undergraduate to about 20 inches ) long and 1 to 2 inches ( 0.5 centimeters rarely from the undergraduate to 3.5 centimeters) wide; they become smaller towards the top. The tips are short acuminate. The leaf margin is entire or slightly wavy and often denticulate more or less bulged out to be a hard nut. Leaf blades are hairy on both sides evenly, the lateral nerves are unclear.
Inflorescence, flower and fruit
The total pyramidal, often more highly branched, rispenähnliche total inflorescence is short, but clearly stalked, leafy double winding, densely covered with many flowers and greatly extend after flowering. The flowers are almost sessile.
The hermaphrodite flowers are fünfzählig double perianth. The five sepals are cleaved during the heyday about 5 millimeters, for fruit ripening about 7 mm long and up through the middle into lanceolate to linealische, rough haired, permanently connected tip. The crown is 1 to 1.5 cm long and 5-9 mm wide. The color of the petals is initially carmine and then turns to dark blue - violet or rarely white. The five petals are narrow to a broad, in the throat a little, fused the chalice slightly superior corolla tube, which opens into triangular- ovate, at the edge grossly papillary, white throat and shed nearly circular lobes. Stamens and style are included in the corolla tube.
The Klaus fruit crumble into four fruits. The light brown Klausen are 3 to 4 millimeters long, oblique ovate, thick - wrinkled and finely verrucose. The Elaiosom is a weak vortretende annular Pseudostrophiole.
Ecology
The change in color of the corolla of crimson at monochrome flourishing after dark purple as Subtraktionsfarbe in full bloom explained by the fact that the epidermis has red cell sap, the mesophyll blue underneath.
There is Verschiedengriffligkeit or heterostyly. The throat of the corolla is tightly closed by the same time serving as Saftmal hollow scales, which flies ( Brachycera ) and ants ( Formicidae ) are denied access to the nectar. As visitors were regularly Genuine bees ( Apidae ), some butterflies (Lepidoptera ) and Systoechus sulphureus, a bee fly ( Bombyliidae ) observed. In absence of insect pollination takes place self-pollination.
The common ox tongue is often affected by the rust fungus ( Pucciniales ) Puccinia dispersa. Also, various gall midges ( Cecidomyiidae ) attack the plants and lead to stunted flowers.
The common ox tongue is a food plant for the caterpillars of cutworms Actebia praecox and Euplexia Lucipara.
Occurrence
The common ox tongue is in the east central Europe generally widespread archaeophyte, more wild in the west usually unstable or culture. In the Alps, it rises to a height of 2309 m. Natural occurrence and archäophytische include Eastern and Central Europe from Greece via Ukraine to the Baltic states (up Ingria, Estonia, Southern Finland, Åland, Central Sweden, Denmark) and westward to the Elbe and Danube region and northern Italy. As a partially naturalized neophyte enters the congregation ox tongue in western Central Europe, in France and in England, isolated to Scotland, on. Smaller neophyte settlements can be found in North America.
The common ox tongue is found in grass heaths, on dry farmland and roadsides, hedgerows, fallow land, vineyards, on debris, open pastures or Flussalluvionen.
After Ellenberg is a light plant, a heat - and Trockniszeiger, a pioneer plant warm valleys and a Ordnungscharakterart requiring heat and drought yield forming two years to perennial ruderal ( Onopordetalia acanthii ).
Use
The Ordinary ox tongue was formerly known as an ornamental plant, but also similar to borage ( genus ) ( Borago ) cultivated as a vegetable (young leaves as spinach or lettuce). Even as a medicinal plant has been used the way. An extract is soothing and act as an emetic. Nowadays a use for medicinal purposes is very rare due to the toxicity of the plant parts. Earlier parts of plants were also used for dyeing yellow.
Toxicity
The herb is toxic in high doses. Agents are toxic pyrrolizidine lycopsamine and non-toxic materials and Laburnin Acetyllaburnin. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids may also be carcinogenic with prolonged use. Therefore, the plant for medicinal purposes should no longer be used.
Trivial names
For the Common bugloss or were, sometimes only regionally, including the names of axis tongue, Ackermann herb eyes ornamental, Bauernboretsch ( Switzerland ), Bauer herb Bruderschaftsmandar (Ziller Valley), counter-attack, dog tongue ( Old High German ), Hunnetunge (Göttingen), liebäugel (Silesia ), ox tongue, ox tongue red cabbage, Ossentonghen ( low German ), bark tongue Sternblümlein, Struhnjirn ( within the meaning of shaggy George, Kuestrin ), and Uissenzong ( Transylvania) in use.