Anthocercis
Anthocercis is endemic in southwestern Australia genus of flowering plants of the nightshade family (Solanaceae ). The flowers fall especially on the long, narrow corolla lobes, from which also derives the botanical genus name.
- 3.1 Outer systematics
- 3.2 Internal systematics
Description
Vegetative characteristics
The Anthocercis species are shrubs with a height of up to three meters, but only rarely up to 60 cm high. The plants are glabrous or hairy, sometimes tomentose. The trichomes are simple and glandular, branched trichomes are rare. The partially thick and leathery leaves are narrow elliptic to obovate, ovate or linear, rarely spatulate or elliptic. They are sessile or with a petiole up to 3 mm in length; the leaf blade varies from 2 to 80 mm in length and 0.5 to 35 mm width. The leaf margin is entire, finely toothed or finely sägezahnig - notched.
Inflorescences and flowers
The fully developed flowers are in zymösen, or racemose panicle inflorescences, rarely they are individually. The five -piece, radiärsymmetrische cup is (1.5 ) 3-8 (15 ) mm long, calyx lobes are each slightly longer or shorter than the calyx tube. The petals are colored differently, mainly white to creamy-white or yellow to yellow - green. The inside of the corolla tube is dark striped purple or green. The five -piece crown is completely or almost radial symmetry and (7) 12-20 (40 ) mm long. The long and narrow corolla lobes may be either slightly shorter and slightly or considerably longer than the corolla tube.
The most four stamens are alternately near the base of the corolla-tube to the petals and not protrude beyond the corolla tube also. They occur in two different lengths within a blossom on, or are each nearly equal in length. Occasionally, a fifth, called Staminodium, sterile stamen. The stamens are lobed irregular, 1 to 1.5 mm long anthers are inclined to each other or stand freely. They consist of two counters, which are either free or are separated from each other at least in the lower half. They jump on a longitudinally outwardly facing gap and give groups of pollen or individual pollen grains free. The Upper constant gynoecium consists of two carpels. The ovary is zweifächrig. The placentation is central angle constantly. There are (three) 10-50 anatrope to hemianatrope ovules per subject, ie the micropyle are bent up to 180 ° and can almost rest against the funiculus. The stylus has a little head -shaped or slightly bilobed scar.
Fruit and seeds
The fruits are dehiscent capsules scheidewandspaltig - fachspaltig. They are pear-shaped or egg-shaped narrow to wide, having a length of (3) 5-7 (14) mm, and contain from 4 to 15, in rare cases, only one or up to 100 seeds. The capsules consist of either two or four forked tapered chambers. The seeds are (1.4 ) 1.6 to 2.3 mm long, the long and thin embryo is nearly straight in the endosperm.
Chromosome number
The base chromosome number is, the majority of species is a tetraploid.
Occurrence
The genus is endemic to the temperate regions of south-western Australia, the distribution center in Western Australia and is located only a few species occur in South Australia. The species are adapted to moderately moist to dry soils.
System
Outer systematics
The genus Anthocercis is classified in the scheme of the nightshade family (Solanaceae ), depending on the processor in the tribe Anthocercideae the subfamily Nicotianoideae (after Olmstead ) or the subfamily Cestroideae (after D' Arcy ) and in the subfamily Anthocercidoideae (after Hunziker ). Of all the agents have the same seven genera in the respective taxa are classified, which in Australia are predominantly endemic, only the type Duboisia myoporides is also found in New Caledonia.
Both morphological, phytochemical and molecular genetic studies indicate that the tribe or the subfamily are largely monophyletic. Only the classification of the genus Symonanthus is not clarified, it is to some extent near the genus tobacco (Nicotiana ) placed. The observed due to molecular genetic studies of the genera relationships with each other are shown in the following cladogram. Species of the genera Cyphanthera, Duboisia, Crenidium and Grammosolen were thereby divided into different clades Cyphanthera clade includes not only the most species of the genus Cyphanthera also species of the genera Crenidium and Duboisia; the Grammosolen clade contains species of the genus Grammosolen also at least one Cyphanthera type. Symonanthus is considered here as Schwesterklade to the rest of the tribe or to the rest of the subgenus.
Symonanthus
Anthocercis
Grammosolen clade
Cyphanthera clade
Cladogram after
Inside systematics
Within the genus of ten species can be distinguished:
- Anthocercis anisantha Endl.
- Anthocercis fasciculata F.Muell.
- Anthocercis genistoides Miers
- Anthocercis gracilis Benth.
- Anthocercis ilicifolia Hook.
- Anthocercis intricata F.Muell.
- Anthocercis littorea Labill.
- Anthocercis sylvicola T.Macfarlane & Wardell -Johnson
- Anthocercis viscosa R.Br.
Ingredients
In all species of various tropane alkaloids have been shown to occur in the form of Tiglyolesthern. Some species contain hyoscyamine, or scopolamine and derivatives derived therefrom. The detected in Anthocercis littorea Littorin was also found in the roots of Brugmansia sanguinea.
Etymology
The name of the genus is derived from the Greek words άνθος anthros ( = flower, blossom) and κερκίς Kerkis ( = shuttle ), originally a narrow rods on which the weft is attached to the weaving, and refers to the narrow corolla lobes.
Botanical history
The genus was first described in 1806 by Jacques Labillardiere with the way Anthocercis littorea without assign it to a family. The initial allocation to the nightshade family was in 1810 by Robert Brown, who simultaneously described additional species and the genus Duboisia. 1838 George Don arranged both genera in the tribe Anthocercideae within the nightshade family (Solanaceae ) a. Since the genera Anthocercis and Duboisia train four stamens in two different lengths, they were assigned to, among other things by two works from the years 1846 and 1869 by George Bentham the figwort family ( Scrophulariaceae ), the genus Anthotroche he placed still in the nightshade family. John Miers suggested in 1849 a family Atropaceae before, the next Anthocercis and Duboisia still contained the genus Anthotroche in a tribe Duboiseae. This family he saw between the Solanaceae and the figwort plants and stated that they would, where appropriate, to subordinate one of the two families as a subfamily Atropineae. In the scheme of the nightshade family, which was erected in 1891 by Richard Wettstein, the genera Anthocercis, Duboisia and Anthotroche are again the nightshade family, but assigned to the tribe Salpiglossideae there. Charles Baehni added the Anthocercis 1946 the tribe Anthocercideae, but the genus associated to four species, not later turned out to be related. The most extensive taxonomic studies of recent times come from Laurence Haegi, in 1981 the allied genera Crenidium and Grammosolen described.
Endangering
According to the Australian " Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act" of 1999, the type Anthocercis gracilis is considered "at risk" ( "vulnerable "). In the Red List of Threatened Species IUCN ( October 2007) will be conducted no species of the genus currently.