Ars subtilior

Ars subtilior refers to a style era of music. The period of Ars subtilior ranges from 1377 ( Guillaume de Machaut's death ) to 1420 ( occurrence Guillaume You Fays ). The term itself was coined in 1963 by the musicologist Ursula Günther.

General

  • Ars subtilior comes not from the output of the 14th century as a concept, but has become generally established to replace the term " Mannerism " Willi Apel for the same time. The latter term does not denote the extensive new features ( more subtle way ) that significantly affect the subsequent period interacted emerged during this period and:
  • So the rhythmic range ( extreme points Jacob ( de ) Senleches and Rodericus ) was extended by new note values.
  • The clay material referred a distant sounds with which the Ars Nova did not know: ( Solage, a pupil of Guillaume de Machaut, goes up to the sound Of ).
  • Some composers of the time, a new type of fundamental relatedness is observed at about Senleches: Our modern " major " implies in itself and acts on such composers as you Fay or Ciconia.

On the other hand, the connections to the previous Ars Nova are not to be overlooked:

  • The genera of the Ars Nova be maintained.
  • On the Kantilenensatz Isorhythmik and polychorality be transferred.
  • It is maintained an elaborate notation: scores appear in heart shape ( Baude Cordier ) or in the form of harp (Jacob (de) Senleches ). The circular shape already knew Guillaume de Machaut, from the Paris school probably comes Solage.

Musical features

  • The rhythm is often resolved by frequent Mensurwechsel.
  • Gern polyrhythm is used (that is, for example, a simultaneity of two- and three- division of note values ​​). A particular example is le ray au soleyl by Johannes Ciconia, a canon in polymetric proportion 1:3:4.
  • The readability of the text is entirely subordinate to the music.
  • Notation: The minima and the Semiminima dominate the score.
  • The use of duplets, triplets, quintuplets ( Rodericus ) and syncope leads to a Mannerist notation with Fusa and chroma, also Dragma, as the smallest note values ​​, often with double necks, flags, hollow heads, various colors provided. The note flags for fast values ​​, which still applies today, appears for the first time.

Composers

Most composers were in the service of a court orchestra, especially the French in Paris under King Charles V. (1364-1380) and King Charles VI. (1380-1422), but also the farms in Aragon and Castile, as well as in Cyprus ( from the court of Janus are only anonymous works related) dedicated artists of the Ars subtilior, as well as the Papsthof in Avignon. Some composers such as Magister Zacharias and Mateo da Perugia had in Italy.

The surviving composers names are:

Johannes Ciconia ( early works ), Mateo da Perugia, Jacob ( de ) Senleches, Antonello da Caserta, Solage, Rodericus, Trebor, Jean Vaillant, Jean Galiot, Grimace, Baude Cordier, John Carmen, Jean Tapissier, Magister Zacharias.

Original sources

  • Codex Chantilly ( Musée Condé, France)
  • Codice d' Ivrea ( Biblioteca Capitular, Ivrea )
  • Codice di Faenza, ( Biblioteca Comunale, Faenza )
  • Codice di Modena ( Biblioteca Estense Universitaria e, Modena )
  • Codice di Lucca / Codice Mancini, ( Archivio di Stato, Lucca, 184 ms; . Biblioteca Comunale, " Augusta ", Perugia, 3065 ms. )
  • Manuscript d' Apt ( Bibliothèque Municipale d' Apt ( Vaucluse), France)
  • Manuscrito de Sevilla ( Biblioteca Colombina, Seville )
  • London Manuscript ( British Library, London)
  • Codex Turin (Turin, Biblioteca Nazionale Universitaria, J.II.9 [ originated in Cyprus ] )
Jacob Senleches Syncopation Staatskapelle Charles VI of France Crown of Aragon
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