Asarum

Ordinary Haselwurz ( Asarum europaeum )

The plant genus of subungulates ( Asarum ) belongs to the subfamily of Asaroideae within the family of Osterluzeigewächse ( Aristolochiaceae ). The approximately 90 to 100 species are widespread in the northern hemisphere.

  • 7.1 Notes and references

Description and ecology

In Asarum species are perennial herbaceous plants. They form rhizomes. The aboveground plant parts are usually hairy. Are triangular Lower leaves to the stem axis. The alternate and arranged in two rows, long -stalked leaves are simple, round to kidney-shaped or heart-shaped. The leaf margin is smooth.

The flowers are individually usually near the ground; Bracts are absent. The hermaphrodite flowers are usually radial symmetry, sometimes weakly zygomorphic. There are only three more or less severely overgrown bracts present. You have twelve, which is divided into two circles stamens. The ovary is inferior or semi- inferior.

Are formed sechsklappige capsule fruits. The seeds bear elaiosomes and are spread by ants ( myrmecochory ).

Ingredients and toxicity

The rhizome contains camphor -like, ethereal substances, the mucous membranes, breaking act and niesreizanregend and can cause internal bleeding ( gastroenteritis).

All parts of the plant contain essential oils, which includes asarone is toxic; the whole plant is classified as slightly toxic.

Systematics and distribution

The Euro - Asian North American popular genus includes about 90 to 100 species worldwide. The focus of biodiversity is Southeast Asia. Alone 39 species occur in China, 34 of which are at home there. In Central Europe, only the type Ordinary Haselwurz occurs ( Asarum europaeum ).

The genus Asarum was established in 1753 with the type species Asarum europaeum by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, 1, p 442. An interpretation of the Asarum genus name is derived from the Greek word asarone = two glos ie unbranched ago. The other interpretation is that Asarum was used in the Greek language for a species, but you do not know what kind it is. Synonyms for Asarum L. are: Asiasarum F.Maekawa, Geotaenium F.Maekawa, Heterotropa C.Morren & Decaisne, Japonasarum Nakai.

For some authors about ten North American species ( Asarum arifolium, Asarum contractum, Asarum lewisii, Asarum minus, Asarum naniflorum, Asarum rhombiforme, Asarum shuttleworthii, Asarum speciosum, Asarum virginicum ) in a separate genus Hexastylis Raf. outsourced.

Types (selection)

There are about 90 to 100 Asarum species:

  • Asarum asaroides ( C.Morren & Decne. ) Makino: The home is Japan.
  • Asarum bashanense ZLYang: It comes only in the Chinese province of Sichuan ago at altitudes between 700 and 900 m.
  • Asarum campaniflorum Wang Yong & QFWang: It comes only in the Chinese province of Hubei ago at altitudes between 350 and 450 m.
  • Canadian wild ginger ( Asarum canadense L.): She has her home in deciduous forests in North America at altitudes between sea level and 1300 m.
  • Asarum cardiophyllum Franchet: It comes only in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan at altitudes about 1100 m before.
  • Tailed wild ginger ( Asarum caudatum Lindl. ): She has her home in coniferous forests in North America at altitudes between sea level and 1200 ( to 2200 ) m.
  • Asarum caudigerellum CYCheng & CSYang: It comes only in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan and northeastern Yunnan ago at altitudes 1600-2100 m.
  • Asarum caudigerum Hance: She comes into the Chinese provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Taiwan, and Vietnam before at altitudes 300-1700 m.
  • Asarum caulescens Maximowicz: It comes only in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan ago at altitudes 700-1700 m and also in Japan.
  • Asarum chengkouense ZLYang: It comes only in the Chinese province of Chongqing ago at altitudes 1000-1200 m.
  • Asarum chinense Franchet: It comes only in the western Chinese provinces of Hubei and northeastern Sichuan ago at altitudes 1300-1500 m.
  • Asarum crassisepalum SFHuang et al.: It comes only in Taiwan before at altitudes 1600-1700 m.
  • Asarum crispulatum CYCheng & CSYang: It occurs only in the Chinese province of Sichuan.
  • Asarum debile Franchet: It comes only in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Hubei, Shaanxi and Sichuan provinces at altitudes 1300-2300 m before.
  • Asarum delavayi Franchet: It comes only in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan, southwestern and northeastern Yunnan ago at altitudes 800-1600 m.
  • Asarum epigynum Hayata: It occurs only in the Chinese province of Hainan and Taiwan.
  • Ordinary Haselwurz ( Asarum europaeum L.)
  • Asarum forbesii Maximowicz: It comes only in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Zhejiang at altitudes below 800 m before.
  • Asarum fukienense CYCheng & CSYang: It comes only in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi and Zhejiang at altitudes between 300 and 1000 m before.
  • Asarum geophilum Hemsley: It comes only in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi and southern Guizhou ago at altitudes between 200 and 700 m.
  • Hard path Haselwurz ( Asarum hartwegii S.Watson ): You can only be found in California at altitudes 150-2200 m.
  • Asarum hayatanum ( F.Maek. ) F.Maek. ex Masam. (Japan)
  • Asarum heterotropoides F.Schmidt: It occurs only in the southern Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and Japan.
  • Asarum himalaicum Hook. f & Thomson ex Klotzsch: She comes into the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Guizhou, western Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang and in Bhutan, India, Nepal and Sikkim ago at altitudes 1300-3100 m.
  • Asarum hongkongense SMHwang & TPWong Siu: It comes only in Hong Kong before at altitudes between 500 and 700 m.
  • Asarum hypogynum Hayata: It comes only in Taiwan before at altitudes between 1000 and 2000 m.
  • Asarum ichangense CYCheng & CSYang: It comes only in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang at altitudes 300-1400 m before.
  • Asarum inflatum CYCheng & CSYang: It occurs only in the Chinese provinces of Anhui and northeastern Sichuan.
  • Asarum insigne Diels: It comes only in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi and Jiangxi ago at altitudes of about 500 m.
  • Asarum lemmonii S.Watson: You can only be found in California at altitudes 1100-1900 m.
  • Asarum longerhizomatosum CFLiang & CSYang: It comes only in the Chinese province of Guangxi ago at altitudes of about 200 m.
  • Asarum macranthum JDHooker: It comes only in Taiwan before at altitudes between 500 and 1000 m.
  • Asarum magnificum Tsiang ex CYCheng & CSYang: It comes only in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong and Hunan ago at altitudes between 300 and 700 m.
  • Asarum marmoratum Piper: This species is found only in the Cascades and the Siskiyou Mountains of southern Oregon and the extreme northwestern part of California.
  • Asarum maximum Hemsley: It comes only in the Chinese provinces of Hubei and Sichuan ago at altitudes between 600 and 800 m.
  • Asarum nanchuanense CSYang & JLWu: It occurs only in the Chinese province of Chongqing.
  • Asarum nipponicum F.Maek. Coming into Japan ( Honshu, Shikoku ) before
  • Asarum nobilissimum ZLYang: It comes only in the Chinese province of Sichuan ago at altitudes between 800 m and 1100.
  • Asarum petelotii OCSchmidt: It occurs at altitudes between 1100 m and 1700 only in the southern part of the Chinese province of Yunnan and Vietnam.
  • Asarum porphyronotum CYCheng & CSYang: It occurs only in the Chinese province of Sichuan.
  • Asarum pulchellum Hemsley: It comes only in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan and northeastern Yunnan at altitudes 700-1700 m before.
  • Asarum renicordatum CYCheng & CSYang: It comes only in Anhui province at altitudes of about 700 m before.
  • Asarum sagittarioides CFLiang: It comes only in the Chinese province of Guangxi ago at altitudes between 900 m and 1200.
  • Asarum sieboldii Miquel: It occurs only in the Chinese province of Liaoning and in Korea.
  • Asarum splendens ( F.Maekawa ) CYCheng & CSYang: It comes only in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan and northeastern Yunnan ago at altitudes 800-1300 m.
  • Asarum taipingshanianum SFHuang, CXXie & TCHuang: It comes only in Taiwan before at altitudes of about 1900 m.
  • Asarum tongjiangense ZLYang: It occurs at altitudes between 800 m and 1400 only in the northeastern part of China's Sichuan province.
  • Asarum wagneri KLLu & Mesler: It is endemic to the Cascade Range of southern Oregon.
  • Asarum wulingense CFLiang: It comes only in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan and Jiangxi provinces at altitudes of about 1100 m before.
  • Asarum yoshikawae T. Sugawara: It occurs in Japan
  • Asarum yunnanense T.Sugawara, Ogisu & CYChen: It occurs only in the southern part of China's Yunnan province.

Cultural Significance

The Tokugawa family, who ruled over 250 years in the Edo period over Japan, resulted in their family crest three wild ginger leaves in a circle (Japanese Maru -ni - Mitsuba - aoi ).

Pictures

Asarum caudatum:

Habit, leaves and flowers

Swell

  • Alan T. Whittemore, Michael R. Mesler & Karen L. Lu: Asarum - text the same online as printed work, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 3 - Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae, Oxford University Press, New York, among others 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6. (Section Description, systematics and distribution )
  • Shumei Huang, Lawrence M. Kelly & Michael G. Gilbert: Aristolochiaceae: Asarum, pp. 246, In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 5 - Ulmaceae through Basellaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and Saint Louis, 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27- X. (Section Description, systematics and distribution )
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