Bezirk

The term district (from Middle High German zirc from Latin circulus, circle ' Abbreviations: Bez / Bz. . ) Means a defined area, an area of land, a region, but in particular a hierarchical level of administrative divisions. In the delineation and comparison of terms, circle 'and' district ' there are historical and regional differences.

2.1 Belgium
2.2 Germany 2.2.1 Historically

3.1 People's Republic of China
3.2 Finland
3.3 Indonesia
3.4 Iceland
3.5 Czech Republic
3.6 Hungary
3.7 Ukraine
3.8 English-speaking countries
3.9 French -speaking Countries
3:10 Spanish -speaking Countries

Borough

A municipality is the administrative, political and / or statistical division of a city.

In Germany the formation of administrative and political districts in the municipal regulations of individual states is regulated. Larger cities are usually committed to the formation of districts. The formal establishment of districts is done by resolution of the City Council and is anchored in the main statute. The individual names of municipalities often vary depending on the city. So, for example, hot in Hamburg and Berlin plain districts; in Hesse and Rhineland -Palatinate, however, the term local district is uniformly used because in these countries, both cities as well as communities can form districts.

In Austria there is in some (larger) cities nominal boroughs (Graz and Klagenfurt), but not in others (Salzburg and Innsbruck, where officially called the city). In Vienna there are municipal districts ( the lowest level of the city structure, but also further breakdown ).

Another type of city districts is in many communities - is the enumeration district, the population of a statistical nature - except in Zählsprengelgemeinden. In cities that do not have census tracts, these are also enshrined in the city structure (about Linz); in some coincide census tracts and neighborhoods but not in others.

Some cities are divided - like most communities - in villages (about Innsbruck, where are these same neighborhoods), others do not ( Vienna, Salzburg, these form only a single locality ).

In Switzerland, is common for a municipality, the term urban district.

Administrative unit

Districts as administrative units below the city council to be set up in major cities in order to manage the citizen can. Examples include Berliner, Hamburg, Vienna, Paris or London boroughs.

Such districts (also: county, district ) have a directly elected parliament and its own "mayor" ( the names and responsibilities are different depending on the city ).

In North Rhine -Westphalia there are according to the Municipal Code districts with district councils in the county boroughs. In Lower Saxony municipalities can be set up in urban districts or cities with more than 100 000 inhabitants.

The municipality has its own district council, often called " district council " or " District Assembly " called that is formed after each municipal election. Depending on the country, the committee is elected directly by the people or appointed by the City Council. The municipality has a " district director " or " District Manager " is a full-time or honorary basis and in Berlin " district mayor " is. As an administrative center of the district is a specially created " county ". The terms " district council ", " district director ", " district mayor " or " county " can, however, vary from country to country.

The lack of or unequal representation of individual districts or neighborhoods within the city districts can lead to a lack of democracy and political or social conflicts.

Statistical classification

However, so-called urban districts may be within cities that have nothing to do with the aforementioned self-governing unit Municipality, an example of which are the municipalities of Frankfurt am Main also small-scale statistical areas. The urban subdivisions with self-government means there instead local district.

In addition to administrative districts define cities for the purpose of small-scale representation of statistical data also Statistical districts than the small-scale structure level.

Demarcation to the district

The term district designated primarily a geographical division. In smaller towns, the terms are often used interchangeably.

The delimitation of the term district is not uniform. A city district as an administrative unit or statistical unit may

State administrative units

Belgium

See also: Administrative divisions of Belgium → districts

In Belgium the provinces are divided into a total of 43 districts. In French they are called arrondissements, arrondissementen in Dutch, but in the Belgian Official German officially called districts, while next to it unofficially arrondissement is also used the German term. Equating the terms " district " and " district " is indeed officially in Belgium, but can not simply be transferred to other states. These districts are purely administrative units without their own political decision-making powers.

Germany

In Germany the term (but comparable partly spatial in extent ) used regional administrative levels for the following:

The later of other countries acquired created in the Prussian administrative reform in 1815, and government districts, each headed by the President of the Government is. In Lower Saxony, the results not from the Prussian province of Hanover, but from the countries Oldenburg and Brunswick counties counties were called. In addition, there was until 1928 in Prussia ward or estate districts.
The 14 districts of the GDR and the capital Berlin (from 1961 in the official capacity of a district ), the supreme body was the advice of the district.
In Bavaria there is also next to the ( state ) government districts as local authorities called districts that are congruent with the same administrative districts. Thus, there are for the same geographical area one county government, which is under the provincial government, and the district administration, which is the directly elected county council responsible. The same applies to the district association Palatinate.

Historically

The use of the term " district " for the higher administrative division and "circle" for the lower comes from Prussia, and was only in 1938 transferred to the other countries. Before the higher level was in Bavaria, Württemberg and Saxony referred to as a circle or circle captaincy and lower than the district, Upper Office or District Commission. In the electorate of Hesse, the provinces were dissolved after the March Revolution of 1848 and replaced with 9 districts whose blank corresponded to about today's counties. This new regulation was ready in 1851 reversed geacht. See District ( Electorate of Hesse). The traditional names were still in the Bavarian Constitution of 1946 used, ie "circle" for the district and " district " for the county.

With the annexation of Alsace -Lorraine in 1871 by the German Empire there, the French administrative division, however, was renamed after the Prussian model, the departments were to districts and arrondissements into circles. For the lower-than arrondissements / circuits level of Cantons the French name was adopted into German.

Austria

In Austria the 95 political districts (15 statutory cities ( municipalities ), 80 rural districts -. Vorarlberg and Lower Austria prefectures) administrative units between state and church, but enjoy in contrast to these no self-government rights. Your top official is a - appointed - District Captain (or in the statutory cities the mayor ). In addition, there and there were also political Expositur, which are a kind of branch of the District Commission. Statistically, the Austrian districts to 35 NUTS 3 regions are summarized.

In Austria there are also ( with the political districts are not always congruent) as the competent judicial districts Sprengel of the district court.

Municipalities as urban administrative divisions are based in Vienna ( there particular district ), in Graz, Linz (where statistical district) and Klagenfurt (namely only district) - the other statutory cities are divided into cadastral (about Innsbruck), or neighborhoods and cadastral (about Salzburg, St. Pölten ).

Switzerland

In Switzerland, a district is a political subdivision of the cantons, which is the administrative division of the territory, with the exception of Schwyz districts but - in contrast to the municipalities - is without internal autonomy. It is called in some cantons also the district, county, or region Amtei, formerly Office or office district.

In the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden district is the designation for ( political) community.

South Tyrol

South Tyrol used an analog to Austria term district, knows beyond even district communities at the level of the valleys as structuring elements.

Translations

Is the use of the term district already in the German speaking inconsistent, the translation of administrative designations from other countries and languages is even more problematic. In most cases, analogies to the case management division of Prussia or that of the GDR are used in Austrian Danube countries instead.

People's Republic of China

Chinese administrative units are called in German on the Prussian model, in descending order as a province, district, county and township. In the People's Republic of China is called the highest authority within a provincial地(Pinyin: dì ), which literally means "country", but is usually translated as " prefecture " and " district ". Depending on the proportion of rural and urban settlements, as well as non-Chinese minorities distinction is made between地区( Diqu ), " government district " (literally "land area " and the same Chinese word also stands for " globe " ) ,地级市( dìjíshì ), " district -free city " ( literally "land -rank city ", ie from the city of a country's rank ), and自治州( zìzhìzhōu, literally self-governing / s part of the state / province ), autonomic district. Now have, except in the sparsely populated border regions most districts the status of a prefecture-level city. Their subdivisions of the rank of a circle, Chinese县(Xian, traditional character县), are distinguished by municipalities, Chinese市辖区( shìxiáqū, literally " urban managed space " ) with purely urbanized, English "city district", then circle free cities, chinese县级市( xiànjíshì, "City of the rank of a circle " ), with a large proportion of urban but also rural areas, as well as ordinary counties (县- Xian) and Autonomous circles自治县( Zizhixian, literally " self-governing county " ), the latter with significant proportion of the population of national minorities.

Finland

The seutukunta in Finland is located in the hierarchy between the upper ( top ) division of the country in landscapes (Finnish Maakunta, swedish landskap ) and the community level. In Swedish, the second official language of Finland, the name of this administrative unit ekonomiska region. Terms of function, it is more of an administrative community. Nevertheless seutukunta is translated as " county ".

Indonesia

In Indonesia there are below the provinces and districts above the 501 administrative districts ( kabupaten ). They are also known as administrative districts, in the English and Dutch to translate it as ' regency ', which is the Indian word origins and pre-colonial importance. On the same level as a kabupaten is a city ( Kota ).

Iceland

Iceland is divided into four landsfjórðungar what is often translated as " districts ".

Czechia

In the Czech Republic there was until 2002 administrative units Okresy " districts " were called.

Hungary

Hungary was divided soon after its medieval state founded in Megye. In German and French, the term is most often played with county / Comitat, derived from the Latin comitatus ( " County "). This classification was restored after the Turkish occupation (63 Megye ) and has survived to the present day. Since the second world war, there are 19 Megye and the capital Budapest. As a level below the Jaras were in the Empire of Austria established on German " districts " according to the Austrian definition. (City or large areas) replaced in 1983/84 by Város and Nagyközség, 1994 Kistérség (small areas), the Jaras 2013 were restored. Now there are 175 Karas, of which 23 in Budapest.

Ukraine

In Ukraine, the oblasts form the highest zoning, as in the Soviet republics. Oblast can also be translated as district. But the district meet here the other territorial divisions, which are called Rajon.

English-speaking countries

In England, the counties ( counties) are divided into Districts since 1965, which is sometimes translated as " districts ". Cutting and responsibilities of these administrative units have significant differences. In predominantly rural counties, there are non-metropolitan districts, but also to those of one or the other " city circle " is expected. In urban areas, there are Metropolitan Districts, which are often referred to as boroughs, such as the London Boroughs. Since the 1990s, some cities in metropolitan areas, but also the one or other whole county were converted into unitary authorities.

In Scotland there were 1889 to 1975 also counties, since 1996 there has been below the provincial administration only a single administrative level, the 32 Council Areas ( large municipalities ). In Wales, which was then divided since the Middle Ages to 1975 in counties and in 37 districts instead, there is also a single-stage management since 1996, with the large communities here called Principal Areas.

In the United States, the constituencies are called districts. And because the area of the U.S. federal capital District of Columbia is named, also refer to several other states their Capital Territory in the local language as the " Federal District " or " National District ".

The nine provinces of South Africa are divided into a total of 52 districts. The eight largest cities are doing Metropolitan District.

French -speaking Countries

In France and the French model and the Senegal are divided into regions, departments and arrondissements, Haiti according to the former French situation only in départements and arrondissements. Since the department and district can be translated both as " district ", it is useful to clarify, to use the original names in German. The Canadian part of the state ( "province" ) Quebec 's 17 régions administrative ("Administrative Areas", you could also " administrative districts " say ) divided, below which there are 82 municipalites Clarisse de comté ( "Regional county municipalities " ), which in turn together more than thousand municipalites locaux (local communities ), and in two communautés Metropolitaines ( " United Urban Communities ").

Spanish -speaking Countries

The administrative divisions of Spanish-speaking countries, there is a wide variety of structures and designations; Provincia hot in Argentina the states, in Spain, the second-lowest level. Departments are the second lowest level in Colombia, the only thing between the State and the Municipalities ( " communities " ) in Argentina. In Cuba, the Provincias form this level. In Venezuela, the divisions of the second lowest level are called municipios, including there is the Parroqíuas (literally " parish "). In Ecuador, there are the Cantones between parroquias and Provincias. In Guatemala is divided into 8 Regiones, including 22 departments and 334 municipios (municipalities). In Mexico, are apparently among the states and the municipalities no further administrative level. For most division titles between State and community so there are German forms that are no less familiar than the word district, or the Spanish word is known in its French equivalent.

Other meanings

In addition, many companies, political parties, trade unions, sports associations, etc. denote their regional organization units as districts.

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