Broadcast network
Network ( Network Broadcast and Television Network ) refers to as a media term originating in North America, a development stage of combinations of several commercial radio and later television stations, from which emerged mainly media companies. The term Network comprises more than a technical Defininition in the sense of a transmitter chains that supply with a beacon transmitter numerous local micro transmitter with a shell program and their local channels are called affiliates.
History of Networks
Has its roots in the so-called network broadcasting in the U.S. in the 20s. Background was the desire, such as sporting events to be able to send from coast to coast across four time zones live.
To realize this, the General Electric Company ( GE), Westinghouse Electric Corporation and the telephone monopoly, American Telephone & Telegraph (AT & T) founded in 1919, the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). Full service operation was recorded on 15 November 1926, the subsidiary National Broadcasting Company (NBC ), so NBC was the first trans-regional and national radio institute in the USA. In 1927 Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS).
1932 was the first broadcast network in Canada by the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission from 1936, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC) emerged.
The operating principle has since been almost unchanged: One of the main transmitter respectively at certain production sites is the common program for the connected transmitter of Networks produced and live or delayed transmitted via the telephone network from AT & T ( later on " private" coaxial copper cable, today via satellite ). Send Connected to the Network stations at predetermined times no specific program, but the common Network program in a kind of program window.
Since the system was costly in the U.S., it remained long in only three radio companies that operated Networks (besides NBC and CBS, and Mutual Broadcasting System). Only from the break-up of NBC originated between 1940 and 1944 as the fourth radio network American Broadcasting Company (ABC ). As in the 1940s, came up the television, completed three of the four radio networks also include the step to the television network, a fourth - DuMont - stopped operating after a few years.
1942 founded the United States Department of War ( the then U.S. War Department ) Armed Forces Radio Service ( AFRS ), later known as the American Forces Network ( AFN).
The high cost cemented until the 1980s in the U.S., the oligopoly of the "Big Three " of NBC, CBS, ABC. This allowed the networks, however, to produce much more complex programs than was the case with smaller local and regional stations.
They supply the connected Affiliates three hours - on Sunday four hours - in prime time (FOX and CW one hour less) of, consisting of original broadcasts and reruns of the current series, news magazines, reality shows, sports, etc. In addition, the affiliates offered depending on network soap operas, talk shows and children's programming for the daily programming, national news, and / or a late night show. The rest of the day have to deny the transmitter usually itself and grab it next productions on so-called syndication material back. On the syndication market are among other series that are older than four years, or separately for syndication produced material, such as talk shows; rarely also more expensive, not for a specific Network -produced series such as Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.
Saw a renaissance the network television in 1986 with the founding of the Fox Broadcasting Company, the fourth network which the "Big Four", together with the classic three Networks.
Development for media companies
Various deregulation in the media sector and a variety of corporate mergers eventually led in 1996 to the founding of the United Paramount Network (UPN ) and the Warner Bros. Network ( WBN ), and from 1999 as The WB known. The initial euphoria was in the following years of disillusionment with the steadily declining viewership and led in January 2006 - exactly 10 years after the launch - to the announcement, the networks UPN and The WB dissolve and in September 2006 by the new joint The CW Network ( known as The CW) to replace.
Other networks with much smaller range than those MyNetworkTV and ION Television mentioned so far. There also exist two major Spanish-language networks ( Univision and Telemundo ).
As a result of state requirements no society with their transmitters may cover more than one-third of potential recipients, all networks have affiliates in order to cover the whole country can. So NBC and CBS have only a few individual channels ( each less than 20 ) because they are located in major metropolitan areas (New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, ...) - the remaining two- thirds of the country are covered with Affiliates in triple-digit number. In contrast, UPN and The WB have significantly more individual channels, as these are usually located in cities outside the main urban areas; the cities are, however, covered by affiliates. The Networks are mentioned ( with the exception of ION Television) to major U.S. media corporations.
Situation in Germany
In Germany this principle is basically not practiced. In the mid- 1990s in Germany metropolitan television station went on the air (for example, IA TV Berlin, Hamburg 1, tv.münchen ), was formed in January 1998, the program RTL City TV. This was produced by RTL Nord (Hamburg), which manufactures and parallel multiple outputs of the RTL regional magazine Guten Abend RTL for the North German states and Germany. Daily included seven hours of programming available, which consisted primarily of older series and shows from the fundus of RTL. Were fed the six stations augsburg.tv, Tele Regional Passau 1, Franken TV, intv, Hamburg 1 and TV from Berlin. Since this represented an insufficient number of buyers in order to refinance the program through advertising, it was soon afterwards.
Currently, distribute, with the exception of münchen.tv and münchen2, all of the 18 local stations Bavarian their program in the cable, usually next to the broadcast on a separate channel, also have a window in RTL main program. This restaurant window was terrestrially broadcast on RTL until the last terrestrial stations RTL went in July 2013 as part of Bavaria from the mains.
The principle of the station group ( for example, RTL Group, ProSiebenSat.1 Media ) is more of a juxtaposition, while the networks essentially act from top to bottom. But there are also channels like 3sat, ARTE or that represent the work of the Community public broadcasters, and accordingly the mixed programs of this channel broadcasts. The radio programs, it happens that the local stations jacket program from a vendor book (eg Radio NRW).
Situation in Austria
In Austria consisted in the field of radio broadcasting with the program KroneHit to 2004, a network according to the American principle: Private radio stations were originally obtained only local or regional broadcasting licenses in Austria, making it not been for a long time possible to operate an Austria-wide private radio program. This was circumvented by KroneHit so by existing private Lokal-/Regionalradios already been supplied with a jacket program that was broadcast by these stations in their coverage area and thus a total of large parts of Austria have been achieved. The individual Affiliates sent to 60% of their transmission time, the KroneHit program while was sent to the remaining 40 % either a separate program or an unmoderated music program. In 2004, the Austrian Private Radio Act was amended and since then also Austria -wide private radio stations. Kronehit became the first such approval and Austria -wide since then sends a single program for the entire country (except Wednesday, Thursday and Saturday 22:00 to 2:00 clock ). The often very small and economically weak Affiliates dissolved. Their frequencies are still used to broadcast the KroneHit radio program.
Otherwise, however, not used in Austria as in Germany and generally outside the USA Network from principle. The two television programs of the ORF and the private channel ATV and pulse 4 are coordinated centrally in Vienna and broadcast by all transmitting stations throughout Austria. Only the television ORF 2 is at 19:00 clock for about 20 minutes in the individual federal states for the mission state apart switched today.
ORF has besides the three Austria -wide radio programs in each province each still the regional program Ö2 from; these radio programs are designed independently in each country club, only the world news every hour on the hour are taken by all federal land programs from Vienna. The situation is similar also in the private channels of the antenna / Life Radio Group, here are Dobl near Graz produced by the company radio content Austria World News, by all radio programs of this group full into their regional program always five minutes before the hour are taken. It is, however, merely to simplify the production of news, not a jacket program within the meaning of Networks.
The German private TV channels are distributed in Austrian cable networks and over DVB -S in their own variants Austria, sends about Sat.1 Austria at 20:00 clock own Austrian newscast; more specific Austrian programs are available on all other programs of ProSiebenSat.1 Media and the RTL Group. Some of these programs (eg Café Puls ) are thereby produced by Austrian media companies and partially aired on all channels in a group. Even with the commercial breaks Austrian commercials are aired.