Bucculatricidae
Zwergwickler ( Bucculatricidae )
The Zwergwickler ( Bucculatricidae ) are a family of butterflies (Lepidoptera ).
Features
The representatives of the Zwergwickler are extremely small to moderately small moths that reach a wingspan of 2.5 to 7.0 millimeters. The head is usually elongated, the forehead ( frons ) extends down significantly over the eyes. In the genus Leucoedamia the head is shortened and less specialized. The vertex (vertex ) is covered with a large tuft of hairs protruding shaped scales, pointing in all directions. Ocelli are absent. The eyes are of medium size, interokuläre index (vertical eye diameter divided by the minimum viewing distance ) is about 1.0. The corneal lenses are bald. The sensors are 0.6 to 0.9 times as long as forewing. The probe shaft is enlarged, flattened and provided with a dense row slender scales that cover the eye part. The sensor Scourge ( flagellum ) is filiform, each segment is annularly surrounded by two rows of short, slender scales. In the male the first Flagellomere is often notched or bent sharply. The Piliferen, small hairy outgrowths on both sides of the face plate or the upper lip are usually reduced. In the genus Leucoedamia but they are well developed. Mouthparts are missing. The Haustellum (mean, soft part of the suction nozzle ) is short and not more than 1.5 times as long as the eye diameter. The Maxillarpalpen are applied only rudimentary and usually consist of only a tiny unsegmented lobe. The labial palps hang down and have no lateral bristles. They are usually very short and consist only of an extremely short segment. In the genus Leucoedamia they are made, however, of three short segments. The front wings are lanceolate, the apex is pointed. On the forewing arises retinaculum a broad fold which is formed from the lower side fused veins C and Sc. The vein Rs is usually branched four times, more rarely only three times, the vein Rs4 extends to the wing tip. Accessory and intercalary cells are absent. The Cubitalader (Cu) is generally only singly branched, in rare cases, they may be absent. The anal veins 1A and 2A are not bifurcated at the base. In the males, the frenulum consists of a single strong bristle, with the females of two bristles. On the hind wings the Diskoidalzelle is open. The paired ventral Apodeme of the second abdominal segment are elongated and slender. A ausstülpbarer shed bag is present in most male of the species Bucculatrix as invagination of the membrane between the second and third abdominal segment.
The genitalia of the male of the uncus usually missing, he rarely is well developed and pointed. Tegumen and Vinculum are narrow to wide. The sac is rarely formed which Gnathos usually missing. In the genus Leucoedemia he is well developed, fused in the middle and covered with bristles. The species of the genus Bucculatrix have well-developed and bristled Socii. A Trans Tilla is usually absent or weak. The Anellus is membranous, conical and often laterally sclerotized. A pronounced Juxta usually missing. The Valven are straight and simple, rarely lobed. The muscles of the genitals consists of three pairs of muscles. The aedeagus is usually cylindrical, straight and wavy. Cornuti are rarely present.
The genitals of the females have a short ovipositor, usually only the posterior Apophyses are available. The ductus bursae is usually sclerotized only in the caudal part, it is elongated and slender. The corpus bursae widens abruptly, the Signum has the form of a single large plate which is provided with numerous rows of prongs.
The eggs are flattened and oval. The egg membrane has a net-like structure.
The caterpillars of the first two stages are legless. Later stages have Torah calf A and five abdominal pairs of legs. In the genus Bucculatrix the Prätarsen the legs of the prothorax are greatly extended. The hooks wreaths of the legs are incomplete circular.
When the doll rich wings and antennae beyond the 7th segment. On the segment A2 or A3 to A7 a row of spikes is created. In the male the segments A3 to A7 are movable, in the females, the segments A3 to A6. The segment A10 and the cremaster are reduced and consist of a tiny dorsal and often from a larger lateral spike pair.
Biology
The caterpillars develop hypermetamorph and then traverse five stages caterpillars. The caterpillars of most species live in the first two stages as leaf miners, and later they also eat the plants. In the third and fourth stage, the caterpillars sometimes finished to a flattened molting cocoon on the underside of leaves. The caterpillars pupate in the fifth stage in a ribbed silk cocoon, which is typical for the family. Some species bore into stems or eat within plant galls. The caterpillars of Ogmograptis scribula drill elongated mines in the bark of eucalyptus trees. Species from 30 plant families are among the host plants are preferred daisy family ( Asteraceae), Birch family ( Betulaceae ) and Fagaceae ( Fagaceae ).
The oldest evidence of Zwergwicklerarten come from the Upper Cretaceous and the Oligocene.
System
Worldwide there are currently about 250 known species. About 100 species are native to the Nearctic. With the exception of plesiomorphic and monotypic in South Africa -based taxon Leucoedemia belong to almost all members of the family of the genus Bucculatrix. The genus Ogmograptis counts since 1991 also to the family of Zwergwickler.
In Europe, the family is represented by only one genus and 56 species:
- Bucculatrix alaternella Constant, 1890
- Bucculatrix albedinella (Zeller, 1839)
- Bucculatrix albella Stainton, 1867
- Bucculatrix albiguttella MILLIERE, 1886
- Bucculatrix alpina Frey, 1870
- Bucculatrix andalusica Deschka, 1980
- Bucculatrix anthemidella Deschka, 1972
- Bucculatrix argentisignella Herrich -Schäffer, 1855
- Bucculatrix armeniaca Deschka, 1992
- Bucculatrix artemisiella Herrich -Schäffer, 1855
- Bucculatrix atagina Wocke, 1876
- Bucculatrix bechstein ella ( Bechstein & SScharfenberg, 1805)
- Bucculatrix benacicolella Hartig, 1937
- Bucculatrix bicolorella Chretien, 1915
- Bucculatrix canariensis Walsingham, 1908
- Bucculatrix cantabricella Chretien, 1898
- Bucculatrix caspica Puplesis & Sruoga, 1991
- Bucculatrix chrysanthemella Rebel, 1896
- Bucculatrix cidarella (Zeller, 1839)
- Bucculatrix clavenae Klimesch, 1950
- Bucculatrix cretica Deschka, 1991
- Bucculatrix cristatella (Zeller, 1839)
- Bucculatrix demaryella castaneae Klimesch, 1950
- Bucculatrix demaryella ( Duponchel, 1840)
- Bucculatrix diffuse ella Menhofer, 1943
- Bucculatrix fatigatella Heyden, 1863
- Bucculatrix frangutella ( Goeze, 1783)
- Bucculatrix gnaphaliella ( Treitschke, 1833)
- Bucculatrix helichrysella Constant, 1889
- Bucculatrix herbalbella Chretien, 1915
- Bucculatrix humiliella Herrich -Schäffer, 1855
- Bucculatrix infans Staudinger, 1880
- Bucculatrix laciniatella Benander, 1931
- Bucculatrix latviaella Šulcs, 1990
- Bucculatrix lavaterella MILLIERE, 1865
- Bucculatrix maritima Stainton, 1851
- Bucculatrix mehadiensis Rebel, 1903
- Bucculatrix myricae Ragonot, 1879
- Bucculatrix nigricomella (Zeller, 1839)
- Bucculatrix noltei Petry, 1912
- Bucculatrix orophilella Nel, 1999
- Bucculatrix paliuricola Kuznetzov, 1960
- Bucculatrix pannonica Deschka, 1982
- Bucculatrix phagnalella Walsingham, 1908
- Bucculatrix pseudosylvella Rebel, 1941
- Bucculatrix pyrenaica Nel & Varenne, 2004
- Bucculatrix ratisbonensis Stainton, 1861
- Bucculatrix rhamniella Herrich -Schäffer, 1855
- Bucculatrix santolinella Walsingham, 1898
- Bucculatrix telavivella Amsel, 1935
- Bucculatrix thoracella ( Thunberg, 1794)
- Bucculatrix ulmella Zeller, 1848
- Bucculatrix ulmicola Kuznetzov, 1962
- Bucculatrix ulmifoliae M. Hering, 1931
- Bucculatrix zizyphella Chretien, 1907