Gracillarioidea
Caloptilia cuculipennella
The Gracillarioidea is about 1850 kinds comprehensive, globally widespread superfamily of butterflies (Lepidoptera ). It occurs in Europe with 311 species and subspecies.
- 4.1 Notes and references
- 4.2 Literature
Features
Butterfly
The frons of the moths is scaly smooth, but at the Roeslerstammiidae, Bucculatricidae and some Gracillariidae it is rough. Simple eyes ( ocelli ) are usually absent, but are formed in the Douglasiidae. The sensors are usually the same length or longer than the forewing. You can reach 60-175 % of their length. The Scapus can be combed. The flagellum is filiform. The sensors have on each segment one or two rows of scales or scaly annular. Jordan organs ( Chaetosemata ) are missing, Pilifer are formed. The mandibles are usually lacking as well. The Haustellum is naked and elongated in the rule and achieved one to two times the length of the labial palps. The Maxillarpalpen are re-formed and consist of one to four short segments. The labial palps are tripartite in general, but have in most species of Bucculatricidae only one link. They do not wear erect bristles.
The Metafurca has free apophyses. The front wings are moderately broad to slender. Your wing vein Rs4 ends either on the Costa or at the wing tip. The notochord with the accompanying cell is usually absent, but in some species the Roeslerstammiidae and Gracillariidae it is formed. The inserted cell is missing. The veins 1A 2A have no basal bifurcation. Microtrichia for coupling together of the wings are formed subanal. The hind wings are often lanceolate. Even when they lack the inserted cell Diskalzelle is usually open, the cross- vein m- cu absent. The Roeslerstammiidae and most basal Gracillariidae the cell is closed.
At the terga of the abdomen missing thorns. The front edge of the second sternum has the Tineoidea similar Apodeme. As with the Tinapidea a tiny pair of warts and two pairs of plates with tubercles are present.
In the male genitals Uncus is usually absent in the double- lobed Roeslerstammiidae it is formed. In females, the ovipositor is moderate to very little ausstülpbar and has two pairs of moderate to short apophyses. The opening of the ostium is located on the eighth sternum or at the caudal edge. The Roeslerstammiidae the opening is located between the seventh and eighth sternum.
Preimaginal stages
The eggs are flat type and have the axis of the micropyle parallel to the substrate. The chorion is pretty smooth to finely reticulate. The end with the micropyle has reticulate grooves. The caterpillars are often hypermetamorph, hence changing their appearance in the course of their development greatly. The caterpillars have either no, or regressed thoracic and abdominal legs. The abdominal legs usually have a double circle of hooks rings, the inner circle is incomplete. The doll has atrophied mandibles and incomplete. The fourth and fifth abdominal segment are movable. Maxillarpalpen are usually trained. The spines on the Terga the abdomen are arranged in a single, anterior series, wherein the Gracillariidae they are in tight spots.
Way of life
The females lay eggs singly on the caterpillar food plants and attach it with secretion. The caterpillars burrow after hatching directly into the plant tissue. Young caterpillars are usually Borer or leaf miners. The largest family within the group Gracillariidae comprise slightly less than half of all leaf miners of butterflies and are thus the largest group of these representatives. Most species feed on certain specialized plant species that are known from at least 80 plant families.
Taxonomy and systematics
The superfamily is defined by the following autapomorphies: The doll frees himself before hatching of the moth in part from the cocoon, she has the terga of the abdomen thorns, the male imagos are missing on the eighth abdominal segment the pleural praise, who Falter a smooth scaly frons, the labial palps are laterally no bristles Galeae are elongated and close to each other, the rear wings lacking the inserted cell crawler nate or drill initially in the food crop and the abdominal legs of the earlier beads are arranged in a double row in the rule.
The first three autapomorphies distinguish the superfamily of the superfamily Yponomeutoidea, the last six of the superfamily Tineoidea. The naked Haustellum and the second sternum on the abdomen, which has a similar Tineoidea the apophysis, and the autapomorphies of the doll back the Gracillarioidea kinship close to the Tineoidea and distinguish these two taxa from the other, more developed Ditrysia. The following families are attributed to the superfamily:
- Leafminer ( Gracillariidae )
- Zwergwickler ( Bucculatricidae )
- Roeslerstammiidae ( = Amphitheridae )
- Douglasiidae