Tineoidea

Clothes moth ( Tineola bisselliella )

The Tineoidea are about 4750 species a comprehensive superfamily of butterflies within the group of Ditrysia. It occurs in Europe with 564 species and subspecies.

Features

The head is generally rough and contributes mainly hair-like scales. Simple eyes ( ocelli ) usually absent, but are present in some Eriocottidae and Psychidae. The sensors are typically shorter than the forewing length of the scape can be combed, the flagellum is filiform usually, but occasionally in males of Eriocottidae, the Acrolophidae, Psychidae and the females of the Arrhenophanidae also a comb. In general, each sensor segment has a number slimmer sheds, often it is two. They are located all around to the segment, or are only on the dorsal side. Chaetosemata missing. The five-membered Maxillarpalpen are many Tineidae and the genus Crepidochares the Eriocottidae, with all others, they are either a four tier or missing. The labial palps are tripartite in general and wear on the apex and the sides of the second segment rich, erect, comb-like arranged scales ( bristles). These are absent in Arrhenophanidae and most Acrolophidae and Psychidae. The front wings are moderately broad. Your core Rs4 usually ends on the Costa loader or the wing tip. The Psychidae and most Arrhenophanidae and Eriocottidae ends on terms. On the abdomen terga bear no spines. The second abdominal segment has no tergosternale connection. Tympanalorgane missing with the exception of the subfamily Harmocloninae the Tineidae, which formed on the second sclerite.

The eggs have an oval shape, are flat type and have the axis of its micropyle parallel or nearly parallel to the surface on which they are stored. The chorion is pretty smooth to finely reticulate structure. The eggs are usually laid singly and outside the substrate, but some species they lay together in large numbers from. The caterpillars often live in a tube or a transportable bag. In all stages of the Torah calf A are fully developed and also formed five pairs of abdominal legs. The ventral hook rings are in a simple series with a full circle, or arranged in a full ellipse, or a portion thereof. The dolls are incomplete and have no moving mandibles. Your body appendages are varying degrees to the body. You have 36 movable abdominal segments. With them Maxillarpalpen are usually trained. On the abdomen the spines of the terga are usually in rows, sometimes also trained in groups. Before the moth emerges the doll moves partially out of its cocoon.

Occurrence and life

The Real moths ⋅ are spread mainly tropical and assign species with very diverse eating habits. In all its major subfamilies, however, find the generalist species feed on fungi or detritus, which probably reflects the original diet habit. The caterpillars of the widespread especially in the Äthiopis and Orientalis Eriocottidae probably feed on detritus or possibly even in dead wood or dead plant material. The Acrolophidae are only from the New World, especially the Neotropics known and feed, if known by detritus, or in grass clumps, cane sugar plants or Stielporlingsartigen. A single species feeds on detritus and feces in Schildkrötenbauen. The bag carriers are spread throughout the world, have their main range with about 90 % of the species but in the Old World. They feed also very diverse, for example, in lichens, in ant nests, where they probably feed on waste or plants. The Arrhenophanidae are mainly distributed in the New World.

System

The Tineoidea are the most primitive group of Ditrysia. Until 1988 the superfamily involved nor the families who are now asked to Gracillarioidea. Kristensen distinguishes six families; Lyonetiidae and Ochsenheimeriidae (the latter as a subfamily of Ypsolophidae ) will be provided to Yponomeutoidea.

The Tineoidea are mainly characterized by their sleek pair of ventral Pseudoapophysen on the tenth abdominal segment in most females and the unusually long, telescopic ovipositor. In addition, one can distinguish the group from the closely related Gracillarioidea and the other groups of Ditrysia by the erect scales on the frons, the labial palps with lateral bristles and the Haustellum with the short, separate Galeae.

Possible synapomorphies of families off the Tineidae are the strong tendency of the probe to be made ​​double- combed, the back formed Maxillarpalpen which are tripartite, with the exception of Eriocottidae, the wing vein Rs4 the forewing, the sooner rather than the terms ending on the Costa, the male retinaculum, the rather at the wing membrane between the costal and Subcostalader than entspring at the Subcostalader, the female frenulum that more than four bristles has the tip of the sacculus in the male genitalia, the membranous one or more spine -like sensilla and a prickly, lobe ( " pulvillus " ) on the surface of the inner Valven. Possible autapomorphies of the taxon Acrolophidae Psychidae Arrhenophanidae are the lack of ridges on the sensors and the intergrown apophysis of Metafurca and the secondary arm of furca, which results in a bridge-like structure. The removal of the Arrhenophanidae of the Psychidae was criticized, however, seems to be justified.

The following families are attributed to the Tineoidea:

• True moths ( Tineidae )
• Eriocottidae
• Acrolophidae
• Arrhenophanidae
• True Sackträger ( Psychidae )
• Lypusidae; monotypic with a kind: Lypusa maurella

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