Cabomba caroliniana

Karolina Haarnixe ( Cabomba caroliniana ), stems with leaves underwater

The Karolina Haarnixe ( Cabomba caroliniana ), also Caroline Haarnixe Green called Green Cabomba or Haarnixe, is a flowering plant in the family of the hair mermaids plants ( Cabombaceae ). This thriving in freshwater aquatic plant has in the New World a wide natural range, in many countries of the world a neophyte. It is used as an aquarium plant.

• 5.1 Notes and references

Description and ecology

Appearance and leaf

The Karolina Haarnixe is a perennial herbaceous plant. This water plant lives completely immersed ( submerged ) except sometimes some flood forming leaves and flowers protruding above the water surface. It forms at their rhizomes fiber roots with which it is anchored in the seabed. The reaching from the river bottom to the water surface, 1 to 2 meters (up to 10 meters) long, branched stems are glabrous and hairy on the upper portion rust-colored fluffy. Abgerissende stem parts can freely flutend survive six to eight weeks. There is a vegetative reproduction in nature and in culture for easily breaking off rhizome and stem pieces.

When Karolina Haarnixe is available Heterophyllie. The leaves are opposite or rarely in threes arranged in whorls on the stem. The underwater leaves are 0.3 to 1.5 cm or up to 4 cm long stalks. The leaf blade of the water is divided finger-shaped leaves with a length of 1 to 3.5 cm and a width of 1.5 to 5.5 cm and have a fan- like appearance. Your 3-200 leaf segments are linear or slightly spatulate, with a width of up to 1.8 mm. Those formed at flowering stalk sections, flood leaves are stalked 1.5 to 2 cm long, and its leaf blade is at a length of 0.6 to 3 cm and a width of 1 to 4 mm easy with smooth or notched up arrow-shaped Spreitenbasis. There are no stipules present.

Flower

The flowers appear singly on a short or long flower stalk. The showy flowers are hermaphroditic and threefold radial symmetry. The perianth has a diameter of 6 to 15 mm. The three kronblattartigen sepals are obovate with a blunt upper end at a length of 5 to 12 mm and a width of 2 to 7 mm. The color of the sepals is mostly white with purple edges - toned, rarely entirely purple or yellow. The drfei keeled petals are at a length of 4 to 12 mm and a width of 2 to 5 mm oval with broad blunt or notched top. The petals have the same color as the sepals, but they have at the lower region, yellow, nectar -retaining ears. The three to six stamens are usually 3.5 mm long. The two to four, usually three free carpels are 3.5 to 4 mm long and covered with short downy. The scars are capitate.

Pollination

The nectar attracts (Diptera, for example, in Texas Notiphila Cressoni and Hydrellia bilobifera ). The anthesis lasts for two consecutive days. At each of these two days, the flower opens approximately at 10:00 and closes at 16:00 approximately. On the first day of the short stamens have closed dust bag and punch the longer possess pollination enabled scars that extend beyond the nectaries. On the second day the stamens are extended to the length of the stamp and the open anthers are located above the nectaries. On the second day the scars are in the center of the flower pressed together and no longer receptive to pollen. On both days, the insects are attracted by the nectar and the pollen -covered insects secure cross-pollination ( allogamy, cross-pollination ).

Fruit and seeds

4 to 7 mm long fruit contains one to three seeds. The egg-shaped with a length of 1.5 to 3 mm and a diameter of 1 to 1.5 mm to oblong- ellipsoid seeds have warts in four longitudinal rows.

Flowers and fruits are formed in China from summer to autumn.

Chromosome number

The chromosome numbers are 2 n = about 78, or about 104

Occurrence and problems as invasive plant

The wide natural distribution area of Cabomba caroliniana comprises the eastern United States and southeastern South America. Locations for the natural distribution are for the southern region of the Canadian state of Ontario, for the U.S. states of Connecticut, Indiana, Massachusetts, southern Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Iceland, Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma, Alabama, Arkansas, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia and Texas and in South America, the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso, Rio Grande do Sul and Sao Paulo, the Argentine provinces of Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Rio Negro and Santa Fe in Paraguay the administrative regions of Central and Paraguari and Uruguay indicated.

In many areas of the world Cabomba caroliniana is a neophyte, there is information from the Chinese province of Jiangsu, from Japan, from Kerala, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, the United Kingdom, the U.S. states of Oregon, California and Washington.

On the European continent Cabomba caroliniana is a neophyte in Belgium, Sweden (proof 2001 and 2005 ), Greece, Hungary and Germany. In Germany, the Carolines Haarnixe is so far known only from a body of water ( Rohrkolbensee ) in the nature reserve Teverner Heath in North Rhine-Westphalia; the first record was 2006.

Cabomba caroliniana survives no drying out of their habitats. It thrives in permanent shallow waters, usually with less than 3, sometimes up to 10 meters water depth. Cabomba caroliniana is anchored in the muddy river bottom. It grows most often in slow-flowing waters of small rivers to streams. But it also grows in pools, ponds, lakes, reservoirs, ditches and canals.

Cabomba caroliniana is rooted mostly in the soft and muddy river bottom and thrives in highly organic soils. More rarely it grows on sandy seabed. After Orgaard (1991 ) is the preferred water temperature range is 13-27 ° C, but longer frosts are over.

For example, in Australia Cabomba caroliniana prepared as an invasive plant problems in water storage and treatment. Due to their rapid and uncontrolled growth they clogged water pipes and reservoirs. Dying plant mass and decay has a negative effect on the treatment of drinking water. A negative impact on the wildlife in northern Queensland was recorded.

System

The first description of Cabomba caroliniana was made in 1837 by Asa Gray in Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, Volume 4, pp. 46-47. Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray are synonyms for: Cabomba aquatica DC, Cabomba australis Speg, Cabomba pinnata ( Pursh ) Schult.. . & Schult. f.

From the way Cabomba caroliniana, there are three varieties:

• Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray var caroliniana.
• Cabomba caroliniana var flavida Morgaard
• Cabomba caroliniana var paucipartita Ramsh. & Florsch.
• Cabomba caroliniana var pulcherrima RMHarper, Syn: Cabomba caroliniana var pulcherrima RMHarper, Cabomba pulcherrima ( RMHarper ) Fassett

Use as an aquarium plant

The Karolina Haarnixe is grown in Asia and imported from there by the specialist aquarium trade. It is relatively sophisticated in aquariums. For a fruitful medium to high light intensity, water soft or medium. The Karolina Haarnixe requires soft to medium hard water (pH 4-7 ) and a water hardness up to 12 ° dKH. The Karolina Haarnixe and grows best at sufficient flow and water temperatures of 22 to 28 ° C, and medium to high light intensity ( 0.7 W / l after Brno, the highest possible amount of red in the light, according to Barth stable-boy ). Sustained high temperatures can lead to poor growth. Propagation is easy and is done by side shoots. Of the three varieties, only the Cabomba caroliniana var variety caroliniana is probably available in the aquatics trade.

Swell

• John. H. Wiersema: Cabombaceae: Cabomba caroliniana - text the same online as printed work, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 3 - Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae, Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 1997. ISBN 0-19-511246-6
• Dezhi Fu & John H. Wiersema: Cabomaceae: Cabomba caroliniana, pp. 119 - text Registered as printed work, Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 6 - Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2001. ISBN 1-930723-05-9
• Cabomba caroliniana ( aquatic plant ), 2006 at The Global Invasive Species Database is managed by the Invasive Species Specialist Group ( ISSG ) of the IUCN Species Survival Commission.