Calenduleae

Calendula arvensis

The Tribe Calenduleae belongs to the subfamily herbaceous within the sunflower family ( Asteraceae). It contains about twelve species of plants with about 110 to 120 species and is one of the smaller tribes of the Asteraceae.

• 5.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

There are usually one- or two-year perennial herbaceous plants, rarely woody plants: subshrubs, shrubs or trees. Some species are xerophytes.

The mostly alternate, sometimes distributed in rosettes, usually on the stem, often against constantly arranged leaves are petiolate or sessile, usually with simple, rarely divided leaf blade. The leaf margin is smooth, serrated or sometimes lobed.

Inflorescences and flowers

The bloom conditions are individually or in branched, doldentraubigen total inflorescences. The sessile or stalked flower heads are disc-shaped. The more or less the same multiform bracts are in usually two, rarely one or three rows; they are usually grown free or rare; they usually have paper-like edges and ends and enclose the flower heads, rarely are they fleshy. The flat until rare conical bottom of the basket is usually bare, rarely with chaff leaves. In the basket are radiärsymmetrische tubular flowers, called disc florets, and at the edge of one to more than two rows zygomorphe ray florets, so-called ray florets. There are some types of varieties with more or less double flowers baskets; then more until all the flowers ligulate flowers.

The colors of the petals range from yellow to orange or from white to various shades of blue, sometimes the exterior and interior sides have different colors. The ray florets are female and fertile pen with two branches, rarely sterile; the corolla tube is short and the tongue ends in a tridentate. The five-fold, fertile florets are hermaphrodite, or functionally male. Their petals are Roehrig, funnel - to bell-shaped fused with four or five Kronlappen. There are four or five stamens with straight staminal tube available. The at their base more or less caudate anthers have appendages. The stylus pen has two branches, which are sometimes very briefly with 0.5 to 1 mm. At the pen appendage can be seen or not.

Fruits

It is very typical of this tribe that usually the achenes in a fruit stand are all different in shape and size. The achenes may be straight, curved, bent annulated to (name marigold! ) Or culled; they may be columnar to prismatic, sometimes flattened, sometimes beak-like, sometimes edgy, often with warty or ribbed, rarely a smooth surface. As a special feature the fruits are at Chrysanthemoides blue-black and drupe -like. This tribe is very rarely a pappus present.

Dissemination

The Tribe Calenduleae has its main distribution in Africa. There are also some species on the Atlantic Islands, Europe ( Mediterranean) and in southwestern Asia to Iran as the eastern boundary. There are two centers of biodiversity: the capensis and the entire Mediterranean. Some species are cultivated as ornamental plants worldwide and some of them are available in many areas of the world wild ( neophytes ).

System

The Tribe Calenduleae one of the small tribe of the family and contains about twelve genera ( formerly only eight) with 110 to 120 species:

• Marigold (Calendula L. ) with about 15 species worldwide.
• Chrysanthemoides Make: with only two species in the capensis to eastern Africa.
• Osteospermum ( Dimorphotheca Moench ) with about 19 ​​species of the capensis to Angola.
• Garuleum Cass. , With eight species in the Capensis.
• Gibbaria Cass. Using only two species in the Capensis.
• Inuloides B.Nord.
• Monoculus B.Nord.
• Nephrotheca B.Nord. & Källersjö (new genus published )
• Norlindhia B.Nord.
• Oligocarpus Less. (formerly in Osteospermum ). having one or up to four types
• Osteospermum L.: with about 45 species in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, including 35 in the Capensis.
• Tripteris Less. (formerly in Osteospermum ) with about 22 species in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, including 20 in the Capensis.

Pictures

Marigold ( Calendula officinalis):

Details of the flower basket.

Fruit cluster: the achenes in each inflorescence are different in size and shape.

Osteospermum ( Dimorphotheca species):

Flower heads of Dimorphotheca barberae.

Dimorphotheca pluvalis

Bushy Kapringelblume ( Dimorphotheca sinuata ) in their natural habitat.

Osteospermum species:

Osteospermum fruticosum.

Swell

• John L. Strother: Calenduleae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 20: Magnoliophyta: unranked, part 7: Asteraceae, part 2 ( Astereae, Senecioneae ), Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford et al 2006, ISBN 0-19-530564-7, p 379, online ( engl. ).
• Chen Yi - lin, Bertil Nordenstam R., Charles Jeffrey, Hiroshige H. Koyama, Michele Funston, Debra Trock, Leszek Vincent: Tribe Calenduleae. In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China. Volume 20-21: Asteraceae, Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0, pp. 819, PDF file online ( English).
• Jose L. Panero, Vicki A. Funk: The value of sampling anomalous taxa in phylogenetic studies: major clades of the Asteraceae revealed. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 47, No. 2, 2008, pp. 757-782, DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.011, PDF file.
• Bertil Nordenstam: Tribe Calenduleae. In: Kåre Bremer: Asteraceae. Cladistics and Classification. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon 1994, ISBN 0-88192-275-7, pp. 365-376.
• PPJ Herman, E. Retief, M. Koekemoer, WG Welman: Asteraceae (Compositae). In: OA Leistner (ed.): Seed Plants of Southern Africa. In Strelitzia. Volume 10, 2000, pp. 101-170.
• Bertil Nordenstam: Tribe Calenduleae. In: Joachim W. Kadereit, Charles Jeffrey (ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume 8: Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Asterales. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-31050-1, pp. 241-245, doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-31051-8 ( limited preview on Google Book Search ).
• Tribe Calenduleae. Genera native to southern Africa. the Biodiversity Explorer of Iziko Museums of Cape Town.