Corallorhiza trifida
Korallenwurz ( Corallorrhiza trifida )
The Korallenwurz ( Corallorrhiza trifida ) belongs to the family of orchids plants ( Orchideaceae ).
Name
The species was described in 1760 by Jean Jacques Chatelain ( 1736-1822 ) than Corallorrhiza trifida. The genus name refers to the coral-like branched rootstock ( rhizome ) and is derived from the Greek words κοράλλιον Korallion = Coral and from ρίζα rhiza root. The Style epithet comes from the Latin trifidus = columns. It is unclear, however, what did the descriptors so - perhaps it refers to the three-part lower half flowers, flower shape or lip drawing.
From the German name Forest Korallenwurz, European Korallenwurz or Three-column Korallenwurz no name prevailed.
Description
The Korallenwurz is a mykoheterotrophe plant with no or little chlorophyll.
This orchid species, as well as the Neottia ( Neottia ) and the cons Beard ( Epigogium ) ... are permanently dependent on their mycorrhizal fungi and thus parasitize certain extent on them ...; one has the simplified formerly known as saprophytes. (But saprophytes are bacteria and fungi but not plants ).
The Korallenwurz is a fairly inconspicuous, slender, perennial and herbaceous plant growing. It has no leaves, but only a few of the stems adjacent shed leaves. The rhizome is perennial and has a coral- like shape. In some locations, these plants tend by branching of the rhizome to Horst education.
The two to twelve tiny flowers ( 5 mm long) are yellowish green as the whole plant. The bloom are obliquely forward, the tongue-shaped lip ( labellum ) with tooth-like lateral lobes is provided and whitish with red dots.
The flowering period of this species extends from late April to total into August, but differs greatly in the distribution area. So the type begins in the beech forests of the highlands to bloom at the end of April. The flowering period lasts only about three weeks. In the polar regions and at high altitudes, where it grows at altitudes over 2000 m above sea level, on the other hand it blooms only in midsummer.
The Korallenwurz however, does not bloom every year and therefore often remains invisible to the growing sites.
Single flower
Inflorescences
Genetics and Development
The Korallenwurz has a karyotype of two sets of chromosomes and each chromosome 21 ( Cytology: 2n = 42).
The seed of this orchid contains no nutritive tissue for the seedling. Therefore Germination occurs only when infected by a root fungus ( mycorrhiza ). The period from germination to the development of flowerable plant could not be adequately determined.
The Korallenwurz life remains on the supply from the mycorrhizal dependent, having no green leaves and very little chlorophyll has ( Vollmykotrophie or Mykoheterotrophie ).
Ecology and distribution
The Korallenwurz comes in the mountains and in northern Europe, mainly in moist coniferous forests in the highlands, however, they settled in beech and mixed deciduous forests on moderately dry to humid soils. It grows like to plant poor, mossy or foliage -covered bodies. The Korallenwurz growing both on calcareous than on acidic soils. The species is regarded as a shadow pointer.
It is found in the plant communities
- Association Luzulo - Fagion
- Association Galio rotundifolii - Abietion
( See breakdown: Phytosociological units according to Oberdorfer )
The Korallenwurz comes only species of the genus coral Wurzen ( Corallorrhiza ) in Europe. Therefore, it is sometimes referred to as the European Korallenwurz ( in North America are other, larger species before ). The area of distribution of Korallenwurz extends across the circumpolar temperate, boreal and arctic zones of the Northern Hemisphere. In Europe, it is native mainly in Scandinavia and in the mountains. She is one of five species of orchids that were even found in Greenland. The farther south it occurs in Europe, the stronger the binding to higher mountain areas. Already in the German low mountain ranges, it is not to be found in lower elevations.
After the orchids watchers Karl Peter Buttler it is a Florenelement the meridional / montane, submeridional / montane, temperate, boreal and arctic Flore zone.
In Germany there are clear centers of distribution show: Firstly, in the Alps and the Alpine foothills, then, in the Swabian and Franconian Alb, and finally from the Rhön to Thuringia.
Outside these areas, it occurs only very scattered. In the north- west and north it is entirely absent.
Nature protection and hazard
Like all orchid species occurring in Europe is also the Korallenwurz under strict protection of European and national laws.
- Red lists:
- Red List of Germany: 3
- Red List states: Baden- Württemberg: V, Bavaria: *, Brandenburg Berlin: 1, Lower Saxony Bremen: 0, Hamburg: 0, Hesse: 3, Mecklenburg -Western Pomerania: 1, North Rhine -Westphalia: 1, Rhineland -Palatinate: G ', Saarland - Sachsen- Anhalt: 1, Saxony: 1, Schleswig -Holstein: 0, Thuringia: *
The Korallenwurz is considered endangered. The main reason for this are the total rare occurrence of the species and local threats by silviculture.
System
The basionym of this species was described by Linnaeus in 1753 in his " Species Plantarum " as Ophrys Corallorrhiza.
In addition to the valid name Corallorrhiza trifida Châtel. (1760 ) there are several synonyms that are created by new taxa:
- Corallorrhiza ericetorum Drejer (1843 )
- Corallorrhiza intacta Cham. & Schltdl. (1828 )
- Corallorrhiza innata R.Br. in W.T.Aiton (1813 )
The spelling of the genus name is unclear whether Corallorrhiza or Corallorhiza was right; former notation used, for example Kew Royal Botanical Garden, FloraWeb, Baumann / Künkele, Orchis.de, Switzerland AGEO and Orchideenkartierung.de, temptation, however Worse, Kreutz, Sundermann, JG Williams, Duperrex and the AHO Germany. At this point, the notation is used to Kew being.
From the Korallenwurz two varieties have been described:
- Corallorrhiza trifida var verna ( Nutt. ) Fernald (1946 )
- Corallorrhiza trifida var virescens ( Drejer ) Farw. (1941 )
Gallery
Corallorrhiza trifida habit
Corallorrhiza trifida flowers
Corallorhiza trifida May 26, 1996 Franconian Jura Germany
Corallorhiza trifida Shown in: C.A.M Lindman: "Pictures for North Flora" Stockholm (1917-1927) table 418
Corallorrhiza trifida (left) Shown in: Otto Wilhelm Thomé: "Flora of Germany, Austria and Switzerland ", Gera ( 1885)