Doctor of Pharmacy
The title of Doctor of Pharmacy is an Academic degree and is awarded mainly in Anglo-Saxon from accredited universities. It is an extension of the traditional pharmacy studies at the doctoral degree dar. The title Pharm.D. is the highest academic degree in the academic study of pharmacy.
Title guide
The title of Doctor of Pharmacy is abbreviated in most countries of the world and the United States as Dr. ( before the name ) or Pharm.D.
or PharmD out (after the name ).
The professional doctorate ' Doctor of Pharmacy ' does not match the third level of the Bologna classification of degree, since no scientific promotion process is based.
In Germany the lead in the form of " Dr.
Education in the U.S.
In the U.S., the study of pharmacy was changed at the universities gradually in the 1990s. It has been extended to include a distinct clinical part. The study period was extended at the same time by two to three years. The study has since been completely restructured and also forwarded to the independent scientific work. The title of Doctor of Pharmacy is now offered as the only possible conclusion form pharmacy studies due to the very high demand at many U.S. universities. According to the Bologna criteria of the Doctor of Pharmacy represents the highest, third level of university education, while the U.S. pharmaceutical studies previously with the second level (eg master "MS" or the Bachelor " BS " ) graduated. It will be awarded as evaluation of the performance and also symbolized by various cords on the robe at the graduation ceremony, the internationally customary for the doctoral degree evaluations "rite", "cum laude ," " magna cum laude " and " summa cum laude". With the acquisition of the title is at the award ceremony also the border of the mortarboard law ( Bachelor-/Mastergrad ) to left ( PhD ) turned.
The Doctor of Pharmacy is a full uneigeschränkter and doctoral degrees. He is attributed as the "Doctor of Business Administration" ( DBA) or "Doctor of Medicine" (MD) the occupation-specific doctoral degree ( professional doctorates ). Pharmacists can in Anglo-Saxon countries, moreover, often also with the title Ph.D. ( Doctor of Philosophy ) PhD. The Ph.D. is generally much more scientific, the Pharm.D. more clinically affected. The Ph.D. is also not integrated into the study time but agrees with it. The title " pharmacist " in the German sense is out in the U.S. as " RPh " (registered Pharmacist ) and is therefore not entitled Pharm.D. interchangeably, although almost all young pharmacists in the United States since their pharmacy studies with a degree Pharm.D. terminate.
Doctor of Pharmacy Program
In addition to the extended and intensified study pharmacy U.S. pharmacists can to some large and well-known universities in the title Pharm.D. also gain through doctoral studies, which usually consists of at least nine trimesters. In this doctoral studies specialization is obtained in clinical pharmacy in accordance with the changed studies. Due to changes in the accreditation of U.S. universities by the authorities, these doctoral programs are available since 2009, foreign pharmacists nationwide, only then available if previously an American or Canadian approval was obtained for the pharmacist or the study of pharmacy in the U.S. or Canada previously has completed successfully. The attainment of the Pharm.D. Degree in such, subsequent to the study doctoral program calls per trimester the processing of patient cases in all organ systems and many also intensive medical diseases, presentations to professional audiences, at least 27 exams, numerous tests and a total of 36 clinical trials conducted before directly on station in the University Hospital the room physicians and pharmaceutical professors are completed. There have numerous lectures in the medical disciplines of immunology, cardiology, pulmonology, endocrinology, infectious disease, nephrology, neurology, psychiatry and gastroenterology are visited and finished with exams. Flanking need some - some U.S. federal state specific - legal knowledge tests and courses are stored on the scientific and statistical work. In order to obtain the title of a scientific thesis is still required, which may be published. The title will be awarded in a festive closing ceremony by the Dean ( Dean ) and a doctoral committee.
Importance
The title of Doctor of Pharmacy is connected with the change of pharmacy to clinical pharmacy and clinical pharmacology worldwide. The special clinical component enables Pharm.D. e.g. for use on the ward at the hospital, which is now specifically required in the U.S., but previously was hardly the case. Moreover, often a specialization (called residency ) to a subject (eg oncology, transplantation medicine, immunology ) Especially on well-known hospitals is desired. Thus, the pharmaceutical career then runs the same as for U.S. doctors (Doctor of Medicine, MD). The Pharm.D. is then included in the " Health-care team " and directly responsible for the treatment optimization in multi-morbid patients. In the international pharmaceutical industry is the title Pharm.D. now required for certain leadership positions, such as in large Swiss, English and U.S. companies. In community pharmacies are Pharm.D. special rights bestowed, so may a Pharm.D. for example, exhibit a consequence recipes in the UK, in the U.S., for b. autonomously conduct outpatient clinics for anticoagulant control. For this purpose, but sometimes still further licenses are required.
Postgraduate studies
Only after obtaining the title Pharm.D. can some more tests and specializations are stored (eg " Residency ", see section "meaning" ), and then run eg the further title Board Certified Pharmacotherapy Specialist ( BCPS ), awarded by the Board of Pharmacy Specialties ( bps). The "american society of consultant pharmacists ' has specially lifelong study for Pharm.D. prescribed.