Far Eastern Republic
The Democratic Far Eastern Republic ( DWR; Russian Дальневосточная Республика, ДВР ) was an existing between 6 April 1920 and the November 15, 1922 Communist Soviet Republic in the Russian Far East and in South and East Siberia.
Area development
The Far Eastern Republic stretched from Lake Baikal ( Baikal and Transbaikalia ) along the Mongolian and Chinese border ( coastal and Amurprovinz against Manchuria ) and along the Sea of Okhotsk and the Pacific Ocean all the way up to Kamchatka and Chukotka, but did not include Yakutia.
The western part of the settlement area of the Mongolian Buryat came to Soviet Russia, the eastern to the Far Eastern Republic.
End of 1920, Kamchatka and Chukotka in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic were assigned.
Northern Sakhalin was occupied Japanese during the entire period of existence of the FÖR.
History
Background
In the Russian Civil War that followed the October Revolution and the Bolshevik seizure of power, supported the Japanese Empire - as part of an intervention of the Triple Entente - the forces of the White Army in their fight against the Red Army.
Between 1918 and 1922, Japan sent in the Siberian intervention, more than 70,000 soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army in the Russian Primorye and occupied in April 1918 Vladivostok and parts of the Pacific coast. Between February and March 1920, there came to Nikolaievsk incident, which culminated in a massacre of several hundred Japanese in the Siberian city of Nikolaievsk -on-Amur.
To support also fighting on the side of the White Army Czechoslovak Legion, which controlled vast stretches of the Trans-Siberian Railway, and the United States sent 1918-1920 with the American Expeditionary Force Siberia a contingent of about 8,000 soldiers.
Founding as a Soviet buffer state
To prevent after Nikolaievsk incident a direct war between Soviet Russia and Japan, Soviet Russia, founded on April 6, 1920 as a " buffer state " the Far Eastern Republic.
After the expulsion of the White Guard General Grigory Semyonov in October 1920 became the capital of the Far Eastern Republic under the Soviets not Vladivostok, but Chita.
From 1920 to October 1922 Japan sought with the help of White Guards and renegade communists, cleave the Primorye region: Thus arose of May 1921 under Japanese control, the Coast Republic.
At the Washington Naval Conference on February 6, 1922 representatives of the Far Eastern Republic strove instead of Soviet Russia for diplomatic recognition by the United States and to U.S. pressure on Japan to evacuate the areas of coastal republic.
In July 1921, Vasily Blucher, who had already fought 1918/19, in Siberia against the Czechoslovak Legion, became Minister of Defence of the Far Eastern Republic. After the withdrawal of the last Japanese troops in September 1922 from the coast of the Republic held by the White Guards Vladivostok was captured on 25 October 1922. The last battles were propaganda immortalized in the song " Partisans of Amur ".
Negotiations with Japan
Despite or parallel to the military confrontation, it also came to negotiations between the Far Eastern Republic, and Japan.
First round: August bis October 1921
Surprisingly, the Japanese ambassador in Beijing had proposed to the representatives of the Far Eastern Republic of China in the establishment of normal diplomatic relations. Began the first round of negotiations in Japanese leased territory Dairen On August 21, 1921. About a troop withdrawal, the Japanese wanted to start later and especially without the participation of Soviet Russia negotiate. Negotiations for a deduction should be made only after the settlement of the Nikolajewsker incident. While the Far Eastern Republic Japan offering concessions and MFN, demanded Japan Northern Sakhalin as compensation.
In October 1921 Japan took 17 claims in a draft. The most important of these Japanese demands were the razing of all fortifications, the waiver by FÖR on a fleet that contractual assurance of preventing a communist regime, numerous special economic rights ( concessions still offered through the and the MFN went out ) and the lease of North Sakhalin to Japan for 80 years. Since the FÖR rejected these demands, Japan broke off the negotiations.
Second round: From March to April 1922
In a second round of negotiations in late March 1922, the FÖR Japan offered to wider economic benefits and privileges, a period for the Japanese withdrawal but no agreement could be reached. On April 15, Japan introduced new demands instead that resembled those already rejected 17 claims. Then the talks were broken off again on 16 April 1922.
Third Round: September 1922
On September 4, 1922 representatives of Japan and the Japanese Consulate in FÖR arrived in Changchun ( Manchuria ) together again, the subject of negotiations should be a trade agreement. Japan again promised a withdrawal of troops, but called again, previously had the Nikolajewsker incident be settled. When the FÖR then initially proposed only an investigation of the incident, Japan broke off negotiations on 26 September again.
With the victorious advance of the Red Army finally saw the Soviets no longer need in a negotiated settlement. As late as September 1922, the Japanese army moved from final.
Following the Soviet Union
On November 15, 1922, the Far Eastern Republic proclaimed its ties to the Soviet Union. Northern Sakhalin remained under Japanese control until 1925.
The area in today's Far Eastern Federal District
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, there are in the coastal region and there, especially in the economic center of Vladivostok and Khabarovsk, the capital of the district Far East of the Russian Federation, regionalist and partially separatist movements against the central government in faraway Moscow, which in of traditional anti-Russian circles will the U.S. support.
" Zbigniew Brezinski, for example, outlined in his 1997 article" geo-strategy for Eurasia ", the concept of U.S. policy as follows: ... Russia as a Euro Asian superpower was to eliminate; in its place is to create a confederation consisting of the Russian European Republic, the Siberian and the Far Eastern Republic. "
Head of state
- Alexander Krasnoshchyokov April 6, 1920 - December 1921
- Nikolay Matveyev December 1921 - November 15, 1922
Belletristische reception
The Russian writer Boris Pasternak mentioned the Far Eastern Republic in his 1957 novel, Doctor Zhivago.