François Guizot

François Pierre Guillaume Guizot ( born October 4, 1787 Nîmes, † September 12, 1874, Saint- Ouen- le-Pin, Normandy ) was a French politician and writer.

Life

Guizot was the son of Protestant parents. His father, who was a lawyer, died during the French Revolution on April 8, 1794 the guillotine. Guizot went with his mother to Geneva, where he attended high school. From 1805 he studied in Paris law and took a job in 1807 as a private tutor. In 1812 he married 14-year- old French writer Pauline de Meulan and was the Marquis Louis de Fontane professor of modern history at the Faculté des Beaux -Arts in Paris appointed. From 1809 he published political memoirs and scientific treatises.

After the Restoration he was in 1814 appointed by the Minister of the Interior, Abbe Montesquiou, General Secretary, sat in censorship committee and helped develop the new strict press law. After Napoleon's return from Elba, he went to Ghent to the court of Louis XVIII. and was named after the second restoration to the Secretary of Justice. Already in 1816, however, he resigned along with François Barbé - the Minister of Justice Marbois because he failed to prevent the terrorist actions of returned monarchists and nobles, especially in the south of France. Soon after, he was promoted by the king to Requetenmeister and State. In this position, he founded together with Decazes, Royer - Collard and his other political friends the party of the doctrinaire, who saw themselves as members of the juste milieu and as a defender of moderate monarchical system against radical political movements.

Due to its memorandum on the conditions of the chambers he was beginning in 1819 Director General of the municipal and Departementalverwaltung. As Élie, Duke of Decazes and Glücksberg 1820 was forced to resign, even Guizot was dismissed and lost his job as a censor. He again took a job as a teacher of modern history at the Faculté des lettres to. In addition, he worked until 1822 at a normal school.

1824 were prohibited because of its attacks on the cabinet of Prime Minister Jean -Baptiste de Villèle his historical lectures at the Faculté des lettres Guizot. It was not until 1828 under Martignac he could resume. From this time he fought openly against the government. He was first a member and later president of the society Aide -toi, le ciel t'aidera, which was founded to protect the independence of elections. At the same time he was still active as a writer. Besides political writings, he knew at that time, many other works with introductions or comments ( for example Letourneurs Shakespeare translation ).

1826 took over the management of the Encyclopédie progressive Guizot. This undertaking, however, came quickly to a halt. In 1828 he founded the Revue française, which was interrupted by the July Revolution and in 1837 resumed for a short time.

In March 1829 Guizot was again extraordinary Council of State, and from January 1830 he sat for the city of Lisieux in the Chamber of Deputies, where he belonged to the left center. His real statesmanship activity began with the July Revolution. It was he who wrote the protest against the Juliordonnanzen and so gave the first impetus to the outbreak of the revolution. On July 30, he was provisional minister of public instruction, and on August 11 he was appointed Ludwig Philipp Minister of the Interior. But since he does not have the policy approved Laffitte, he took in November 1830 the other doctrinaire his dismissal.

When Casimir Pierre Périer 1831 Home Affairs, Guizot supported him as leader of the constitutional monarchists. After Périers death he entered on 11 October 1832 as minister of public instruction back into the cabinet. He improved the educational system, especially the primary schools by a law of June 28, 1833, which improved the training of teachers, and prompted the restoration of Napoleon in 1803 repealed 5th Class of the Institute of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences. With a brief interruption Guizot remained until April 15, 1837 Minister of Education.

Allied with Odilon Barrot and Thiers, he schemed then so long against the government Molé until it crashed in 1839. But Guizot was not appointed to the new cabinet, but sent to Horace François Sebastiani's job as ambassador to London, where he could not prevent the anti- France oriental policy contract of the four great powers of 15 July 1840. On October 28, 1840, he took over after Thiers ' resignation in the government of Nicolas Jean -de- Dieu Soult, the Minister of Foreign Affairs. He became one of the strongest characters of the Cabinet and after Soult's resignation in September 1847 and its official head.

Until the 1848 February Revolution Guizot remained in this position. He represented both internally and externally, the policy of King Louis Philippe and probably has not a little contributed to the constitutional monarchy fell into disrepute and ultimately crashed. He suppressed critical opinions and demands for reform from the population, especially in the field of election law. Him were the words Enrichissez -vous par le travail et par l' épargne et la probité (Eng. "Get through work, through thrift and honesty. " ) Attributed to what has been understood in political history as cynical creed of the July Monarchy.

In foreign policy, he led them through the intrigues in the Spanish marriages brought about the estrangement with England, and excited by the support of the Jesuits in Switzerland, the dissatisfaction of liberals. Electoral reform he refused obstinately and thus called the movement of 1848 produced, the first directed for his general unpopularity against his person. On 16 February, he handed in his resignation, but did not accept the king; On 24 February 1848 he had to flee from Paris and was accused by the provisional government, but acquitted by the Court in November in Paris. He lived in March 1848 in London and issued from here in April 1849 election manifesto, his services, though in vain, offered voters in France.

After he returned in November 1849 to Paris, he worked here with the heads of the monarchical party together for a fusion of the Bourbon and Orléans. The coup d'etat of December 2, 1851 put this to joining a goal and prompted him to go back to England. He later returned to his native country back to resume his literary studies here, and in January 1854 was president of the Paris Academy of Moral and Political Sciences. For the last time in 1870, he joined the public plebiscite on by the affirmative vote counseled in a letter. Also on the merger negotiations in 1873, he had a significant but secret and unsuccessful share. Under his influence, the synod of the Protestant Church of France in 1874 decided to exclude the liberal Protestants. When he came to the Bonapartist into an argument, he prepared to publish them the pain that Guizot's son in 1855 by Napoleon III. had accepted a gift of 50,000 francs. Guizot selling an image to the Empress Eugenie to pay back the amount that was not accepted.

Guizot died on September 12, 1874 at the age of 86 years on his estate Val -Richer at Lisieux in Normandy and was buried in the cemetery of Val Richer in Saint- Ouen- les- pin.

As much as his ministerial activity has been subject to attacks, so willing recognition have found from all sides, his literary achievements. He has rendered the greatest services to transport the historical studies in France With the establishment of Committees historiques, by excitation to issuance important source collections as well as by his own numerous writings. Suffering his historical works on teleological - pragmatic doctrinaire, but so is the great art of composition and representation undisputed, and Guizot has to, if not be counted among the great statesmen, but one of the first writers of France. On behalf of the Government of the United States of North America, he worked on the story by Washington whose posthumous papers in Vie et correspondance de Écrits Washington ( 1839-40, 6 vols ), for which his portrait in the meeting room of the House of Representatives in Washington DC was attached.

Besides Klemens Wenzel Lothar von Metternich, he was named in the preface of the Communist Manifesto as an enemy of communism. The French satirist, painter and draftsman Honoré Daumier, an opponent of the July Monarchy and their attempts at censorship, made ​​of Guizot caricature drawings and a clay bust in 1833.

The botanist Alexandre Henri Gabriel de Cassini in 1829 named him in honor of the plant genus Guizotia ( Ramtillkraut ) from the sunflower family. Prussia also honored Guizot: On January 24, 1849 he was admitted as a Foreign Member of the Order pour le Merite for Arts and Science.

More Releases

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