Ghurid dynasty

The Ghurids (Persian غوریان, DMG Ġūriyān; Arab غوريون, DMG Ġūriyūn ) was a Muslim dynasty of the mountain region Ghur in today's Afghanistan, which conquered the empire of the Ghaznavids in the second half of the 12th century and beginning of the 13. century briefly rose to become the dominant power of the Islamic East, pushed forward by the west to Bistam and as far east as Bengal. The final destruction of the ruled by several lines Ghuridenreiches whose center is likely to Djam ( Ǧām ) identical city Firuzkuh ( Firuzkuh - "Turquoise Mountain" ) was carried out in 1215 by the Khorezm Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad ( ʿ Alā ʾ ad - Dīn Muḥammad ).

Event history

The Ghurids belonged to the ruling house of about Ghur Schansabaniden ( Āl -i Šansab ), whose origin is unknown. It is believed that they were ostiranische Tajiks. Clifford Bosworth derives from the name of the eponymous dynasty founder Schansab example from Middle Persian personal names Wischnasp.

After Ghur had been Islamized until the 11th century, whose princes were from 1011, first the Ghaznavids. Approx. 1107/ 08 was followed by the supremacy of the Seldschukensultans Sanjar, of which the Ghuride Ala al-Din Husain II ( ʿ Alā ʾ ad -Din Husain ) tried in 1152 to rid vain. The year before, it was, however, managed to destroy, among other things Ghazni, earning him the nickname Dschahansuz - earned ( ǧahān - Suz " the Weltverbrenner " ) and part of a significant expansion phase was with the foundation for the establishment of an empire was laid. During the reign of the Seljuks was in fact broken over eastern Iran with Sandjar death, the ghuridischen conquests in today's Afghanistan continued further and limited the hated Ghaznavids in the Punjab with its capital Lahore. The final 1173/74 occupied city of Ghazni was just like Bamiyan, from where you can soon pushed forward even over the Amu Darya addition, the seat of its own dynasty branch. From here we continued to expand into east and crashed there in 1186 and the last Ghaznavids.

The highlight of the Ghuridenreiches is marked by a 1173 starting dual power, ruled by Firuzkuh from eastern Iran at the Sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad ( Ġiyāṯ ad - Dīn Muḥammad ) and his younger brother Sultan Muizz ad-Din Muhammad (Mu ʿ izz al- Dīn Muḥammad ) of Ghazni penetrated from the Indus. While Ghiyath ad-Din as a loyal ally of the Abbasid Caliphate throughout Khorasan conquered and successfully against - rival with the Ghurids - claimed Khorezm Shah, Muizz ad-Din continued the Ghazi tradition of the Ghaznavids continued and began with forays to North India, the Ghurids the - wanted to conquer - as opposed to Mahmud of Ghazni. The first two major confrontations with the Hindu princes ended in 1178 or 1191, however, with heavy defeats to the Chalukya king of Gudscharat or Prithviraja III. of Delhi. Only after the second battle of Tarain ( 1192 ), in which the coalition of Hindu princes beaten surprising and Prithviraja was killed, North India could be to 1202 ( conquest of Bengal ) almost completely subjugated step by step, with the Ghurids as a promoter of Persian literature and art cultural influences mediated.

Although Muizz ad-Din 1203 autocrat and could in 1204 even advance as far as Khorezm, but fell apart the Ghuridenreich after his assassination ( 1206) fast: While in North India Mamluk generals like Qutb al-Din Aibak ( Qutb ad -Din Aibak ) the founder of the Sultanate of Delhi, independently made ​​and the rule of Ghazni to the Ghulam Taj ad-Din Yildiz ( Tāǧ ad -Din Yildiz ) was lost, came the chorasanischen possessions of the Ghurids in 1206 still under the rule of the powerful Khorezm Shah Ala ad -Din Muhammad, who initially made ​​the Sultan of Firuzkuh to his vassals and the dynasty in 1215 completely destroyed.

As descendants and heirs of the Ghurids Kartiden can apply what Ostchorasan ruled as vassals of the Mongols from 1245 to 1389.

Cultural Developments under the Ghurids

Like the Ghaznawidensultane did also the Ghuridenherrscher out as patrons of the arts and supporter of Persian literature. So let the " Weltverbrenner ' Ala al-Din Husain indeed destroy II Ghazni, for the most part and plunder, stayed in the conquest of the metropolis but on preserving the works contained here the great Ghaznavid poet for his own library, and made themselves, even as a talented poet a name. Among the many poets of the Ghuridenhofs, which, as such, especially by their mention in Aufi ( ʿ aufi ) and Daulat Shah ( Daulat - Šāh ) are known, would include panegyrists Nizami Aruzi ( Nizami ʿ Arūżī ), Abu 'l- Qasim Rafii ( Abū 'l- ʿ ī Qāsim Rafi ), Abu Bakr Dschauhari ( Abū Bakr Ǧauharī ) and Ali Sufi ( ʿ Alī Sufi ). But did it of her work - unlike the divans of the Ghaznavid poet - unfortunately hardly get anything. The situation is similar with the resulting under the Ghurids prose literature: In addition to the major historical work Tabaqat -i Nasiri ( Tabaqat -i Nasiri ), which from ghuridischen Hofchronisten ( and Ambassador ) Dschuzdschani ( Ǧūzǧānī ) was written and is the main source for the history of the dynasty, are here in the first place the Bahr Ansab al ( Bahr al - ANSAB ), a genealogical work, and the Adab al - harb wa - sh - Schadschaa ( Adab al - harb wa - ' š - šaǧā ʿ a) to call on the State Arts which both of Fakhr ad-Din Mubarakschah ( Fakhr ad - Dīn Mubārakšāh ), also known as Fakhr -i Mudabbir (driving Mudabbir i ) originate.

As in the literature, the Ghurids resulted in the architecture continues the tradition ghaznawidische broadly and built the centers of their power from to splendid cities. While Ghazni was rapidly rebuilt and especially among Muizz ad-Din Muhammad benefited from the captured in India riches Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad in Khorasan had a number of mosques, madrasas, mausoleums and caravanserais built and has been so for probably the greatest builder of the dynasty. As can be seen a preserved today inscription, he caused, for example, the complete restoration of the Friday Mosque of Herat and built in the same city (north of the mosque ) a mausoleum for his dynasty and a Madrasa which was the most important of the city until the Timurids. Furthermore, a mosque, a madrasa and two mausoleums in Tschischt ( CIST ) is of importance and a vast palace complex in Lashkar -i Bazar ( Laskar -i Bāzār ) near Bost and another madrassa in Shah -i Mashhad ( Šāh -i Mashad ) of their former glory today at least still bear witness ruins. However, the most famous certainly witness ghuridischer architecture is the magnificent 65 -meter high minaret of Djam, which is suspected to be the only remnant of the lost Ghuridenkapitale Firuzkuh.

The poor received " Eastern Mausoleum " by Tschischt

The Minaret of Djam ( 1174/75 built ) - World Heritage Site by UNESCO since 2002

Detail of the decoration of the Minaret of Djam ( the intertwined ribbons carry the Koran Sura 19 )

Ruins of the madrasa of Shah -i Mashhad ( 1176 built )

Ruler list

The main line in Ghur, Ghazni, North India and Khorasan

  • Muhammad ibn Schansabani Suri (ruled until 1011)
  • Abu Ali ibn Muhammad (ruled from 1011 to into the 1030er years, a vassal of the Ghaznavids )
  • Abbas ibn Schith ( vassal of the Ghaznavids )
  • Muhammad ibn Abbas (reigned after 1059, a vassal of the Ghaznavids )
  • Izz ad-Din Abu al - Muluk (or Abu al - Salatin ) Husain (I.) ibn Hasan (reigned from 1100 to 1146, initially a vassal of the Ghaznavids, then the Seldschukensultans Sanjar )

The by- line in Bamiyan, Tukharistan, Badakhshan, Schughnan, Vakhsh and Tschaghaniyan

Documents

Sources, literature and links

  • Minhāǧ ad - Dīn Abū ʿ Amr ʿ Uthman Ǧūzǧānī: Tabaqat -i Nasiri in translation of Henry George Raverty: Tabakāt -i - Nasiri - A General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia, including Hindūstān, from AH 194 [ 810 A.D. ], to A. H. 658 [ 1260 AD], and the Irruption of the Infidel Mughals into Islām, London 1881-99
  • Clifford Edmund Bosworth: Chapter " The political and dynastic history of the Iranian world (AD 1000-1217 ) " in: The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol 5 - The Saljuq and Mongol periods (ed. by John Andrew Boyle ), Cambridge 1968
  • Clifford Edmund Bosworth: Article "The Early Islamic History of Ghur " in: Central Asiatic Journal 6, 1961
  • Clifford Edmund Bosworth: Article " Ghūrids " in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition (ed. by PJ Bearman, etc.), Leiden 1960-2004
  • KA Nizami: Chapter "The Ghurids " in: History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol IV - The age of achievement: AD 750 to the end of the fifteenth century - Part One: The historical, social and economic setting, editor: Muhammad Seyfeydinovich Asimov and Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Paris 1998 ( online edition on http://www.unesco.org/culture/asia )
  • Muslim dynasty
  • Dynasty (Iran)
  • History ( Afghanistan)
  • Dynasty (India)
DIN 31635 Bamyan Indus River Chalukya dynasty Gujarat Prithviraj Chauhan Qutb-ud-Din Aibak Ghulam (film) Kurt dynasty Timurid dynasty Minaret of Jam Integrated Authority File
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