Harpullia

Harpullia pendula

Harpullia is a genus within the family of Soapberry ( Sapindaceae ). The approximately 27 species are distributed from the Indian subcontinent, China, Indochina and Southeast Asia to Malaysia's and Australia and the Pacific Islands.

  • 6.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

Harpullia species grow as shrubs or medium-sized trees. Young parts of plants and flowers have simple hair and star or sometimes glandular hairs ( trichomes, Indument ), they can individually or collectively stand together.

The alternate arranged on the branches leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade imparipinnate. In some species are winged petiole un Blattrhachis (eg Harpullia frutescens ). The usually alternate or almost opposite constantly on the Blattrhachis arranged one to nine pairs of leaflets are often entire, sometimes toothed. In Harpullia mabberleyana only a pinnate leaf is present. There are no stipules present.

Inflorescences and flowers

Harpullia species are dioecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( dioecious ). End, pseudoend or pendant are available separately or combined in thyrsenförmigen total inflorescences racemose inflorescences. In some species there is cauliflory, because their flowers are individually or tuffweise to more directly on the branch or trunk. There are relatively little support and cover sheets available.

The functionally unisexual flowers are radial symmetry and fünfzählig double perianth. The five free sepals overlap like roof tiles and are stable or drop out early. The sepals are all equal or the outer two are slightly smaller. The five free petals are either somewhat fleshy, almost wedge-shaped with a narrow to a broad base and bent-back top end, without scales, and slightly larger than the sepals or they are almost subulate, much nailed inside about twice as long with two öhrchenähnlichen thin scales and how the sepals. The relatively small Diskus is entire or rarely five-lobed. In the male flowers five to eight stamens are present; they are almost as long as the petals and folded lengthwise in the bud. The stamens are bald. The anthers are ellipsoidal. In the female flowers the maximum short-stalked, upper continuous, usually two, three, or rarely vierkammerigen ovary are spherical or ovoid and laterally flattened and hairy. Each fruit chamber contains only one or two related ovules. The short or long, slender, curled and bent at the top of pen is hairy at the bottom and has scar tissue almost to its base.

Fruit and seeds

The mostly flat, mostly two - or three, rarely vierfächerigen up, lokuliziden fruit capsules are notched between the fruit trays, while the rounded fruit lobes are erect or spread depending on the type. The pericarp, the pericarp is, parchment-like or woody hard. At maturity, open the capsule and fruits contain one or two seeds per fruit tray.

The almost spherical, ellipsoidal or egg-shaped seeds have a shiny, black, thin, hard seed coat ( testa). The hilum covers less than 1/6 of the seed. Often the seeds have a white or orange, fleshy aril. The aril is limited to a narrow ring around the hilum or consists of a basal sarcoplasmic testa -like portion and an upper free part reaches up almost to the top of the seed. The aril has no appendages. The curved embryo has two fleshy cotyledons ( cotyledons ).

Sets of chromosomes

The chromosome number is 2n = 30,

Ecology

The spread of the seeds is primarily by birds, perhaps also by mammals and lizards.

Occurrence

The Harpullia about 27 species occur in Sri Lanka, India, in the south-eastern China, Malaysia's, Australia ( eight species in the Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales), New Caledonia and Tonga. The genus Harpullia was on the New Guinea -Australian plate and spread from there to New Caledonia and to the Southeast Asian mainland. New Guinea, with 15 species, the center of biodiversity.

The Harpullia species thrive mainly in the undergrowth of primary or sometimes secondary rain forests, sometimes they grow in low or open forests, occasionally in savannas or in the bushes of coastal dunes. They thrive in altitudes from 0 to 2000 meters.

System

The genus Harpullia was in 1824 by William Roxburgh Flora Indica in; or descriptions of Indian Plants, Volume 2, pp. 441-442 situated. Type species is Harpullia cupanioides Roxb .. The genus name Harpullia from the Indian trivial names Harpulli the type Harpullia cupanioides is derived.

The genus belongs to the subfamily Harpullia Dodonaeoideae within the family Sapindaceae.

There are about 27 since 2011 Harpullia types:

  • Harpullia alata F.Muell. Coming into Australia from the Nerang River in southeastern Queensland to Stroud in northeastern New South Wales before and thriving in the rainforest.
  • Harpullia arborea ( Blanco ) Radlk. ( Syn: Harpullia pedicellaris Radlk, Harpullia divaricata Radlk. . ): It comes from Sri Lanka, India, Assam, Thailand, southern Vietnam on Malaysia's including New Guinea to the north-eastern Australia (in Queensland) and on Pacific islands (Fiji, Vanuatu, Samoa, Tonga ) ago.
  • Harpullia Austro- caledonica Baill. It occurs only in New Caledonia.
  • Harpullia camptoneura Radlk. It occurs only in northeastern New Guinea.
  • Harpullia carrii Leenh. It occurs only in Papua New Guinea.
  • Harpullia cauliflora K.Schum. & Sound. It occurs only in New Guinea.
  • Harpullia crustacea Radlk. It occurs only in the eastern New Guinea.
  • Harpullia cupanioides Roxb. ( Syn: Harpullia thanatophora Flower): It is in the southern China (Guangdong, Hainan, southern Yunnan ), Assam, spread on the Andaman Islands, Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Malaysia's including New Guinea and the Australian Northern Territory.
  • Harpullia FMBailey frutescens (syn. Harpullia holoptera Radlk, Harpullia marginata Radlk nom inval. .. . ): It comes only in the northeastern Queensland Weary Bay south of Cooktown to Cowley Beach before and thriving in the rainforest.
  • Harpullia giganteacapsula Vente: It occurs only in the eastern New Guinea.
  • Harpullia hillii F.Muell. Coming into Australia from the Burdekin River in central eastern Queensland to the vicinity of Wauchope in northeastern New South Wales before and thrives mostly in the dry rainforest on mountain slopes usually on basalt.
  • Harpullia hirsuta Radlk. It occurs only in southwestern New Guinea.
  • Harpullia largifolia Radlk. It occurs only in New Guinea.
  • Harpullia leichhardtii Benth. It occurs only in the coastal area of northern Australia's Northern Territory.
  • Harpullia leptococca Radlk. It occurs only in southeastern Guinea.
  • Harpullia longipetala Leenh. It occurs only in the eastern New Guinea.
  • Harpullia mabberleyana WNTakeuchi: it was first described in 2011 and occurs only in the southern mountain ranges in Papua New Guinea.
  • Harpullia Myrmecophila Merr. & LMPerry: It occurs only in the north-western New Guinea.
  • Harpullia oococca Radlk. It occurs only in New Guinea.
  • Harpullia peekeliana Melch. This endemic species is found only on New Ireland in the Bismarck Archipelago.
  • Harpullia pendula Planch. ex F.Muell. It comes from Cooktown in northeastern Queensland over eastern Queensland to the Bellinger River in northeastern New South Wales before and thrives mostly in the dry rainforest on basalt.
  • Harpullia petiolaris Radlk. It occurs in Borneo, New Guinea and the Moluccas.
  • Harpullia ramiflora Radlk. ( Syn: Harpullia aeruginosa Radlk. ): It occurs in the Philippines, Moluccas, New Guinea and the Australian Cape York Peninsula in northern Queensland.
  • Harpullia rhachiptera Radlk. It occurs only in New Guinea.
  • Harpullia rhyticarpa CTWhite & WDFrancis ( Syn: Harpullia angustialata CTWhite & WDFrancis ): It comes only in the northeastern Queensland from Cooktown to Tully, most commonly found on the Atherton Tableland and thrives in montane rain forest on granite.
  • Harpullia solomonensis Vente: It occurs only in the Solomon Islands and the Bismarck Archipelago.
  • Harpullia vaga Merr. & LMPerry: It occurs in the Solomon Islands and New Guinea in Malaysia's included.

Use

Harpullia cupanioides is used as firewood and for charcoal production and the bark is used as fish poison.

Harpullia arborea and Harpullia pendula ( Australian tulipwood trivial name ) can be used in the tropics as ornamental plants.

Swell

  • Nianhe Xia & Paul A. Gadek: Sapindaceae: Harpullia, pp. 7 - Registered as text printed work, In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 12 - Hippocastanaceae through Theaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2007. ISBN 978-1-930723-64-1 (Sections Description, occurrence and systematics)
  • JKA Müller: Pollen morphology and evolution of the genus Harpullia ( Sapindaceae - Harpullieae ) In: Blumea, Volume 31, Issue 1, 1985, pp. 161-218.
  • JRM Buijsen, Peter C. van Velzen & RWJM van der Ham: A phylogenetic analysis of Harpullia ( Sapindaceae ) with notes on historical biogeography, In: Systematic Botany, Volume 28, Issue 1, 2003, pp. 106-17: doi: 10.1043 / 0363-6445-28.1.106 JSTOR 3093941 (sections occurrence and systematics)
  • B. H. Wadhwa & Willem Meijer: Sapindaceae. In: MD Dassanayake (Ed.): A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon. Volume 12, CRC Press, 1998, ISBN 9-78905410-270-0 ( limited preview on Google Book Search ).
  • ST Reynolds: Flora of Australia, Volume 25, 1985: Harpullia in Flora of Australia online. (Sections Description and systematics)
  • Pieter Leenhouts W. & M. Vente: Harpullia, pp. 598-614 - Full text Online, In: F. Adema, Leenhouts PW & PC van Velzen: Flora Malesiana, Series I, Spermatophyta: Flowering Plants. Volume 11, 3: Sapindaceae. Leiden, The Netherlands: Rijksherbarium. Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University, 1994. ISBN 90-71236-21-8 (Sections Description, occurrence and systematics)
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