Heteranthera

Heteranthera limosa

The Trugkölbchen ( Heteranthera ) are a genus within the family of water hyacinth plants ( Pontederiaceae ). The approximately twelve species are marsh and aquatic plants in the New World ( eleven species) and in Africa ( sort of).

• 5.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

Heteranthera species are perennial or annual ( Heteranthera dubia, Heteranthera limosa, Heteranthera multiflora, Heteranthera rotundifolia ) herbaceous plants. They grow as the muddy bottom -rooted marsh or aquatic plants. The submerged stems grow to the water surface or the emergent stems are prostrate or short and erect.

There is Heterophyllie. The leaves always have a leaf sheath. The submerged, flood or standing above the water surface leaves are arranged in rosettes undergraduate and sitting to long -stalked or distributed alternate on the stem and arranged long stalks. The underwater leaves simple, membranous leaf blades are linear or sometimes upside - lanceolate with a blunt pointed to the upper end. The simple leaf blades of the other leaves are heart - to kidney-shaped or oblong with obtuse to acute upper end. There is Parallelnervatur, the leaf nerves run depending on Spreitenform more or less in arcs ( arc annoying ).

Inflorescences and flowers

To reach the water surface on submerged or emergent Blütenstandsschäften are the inflorescences. It is a spathe present, the folded or amplexicaul is with pointed up geschwänztem upper end; rarely it is expanded foliage leaf like. The aged men inflorescences extend during the flowering period and included in many species only one flower, but there are also ways in which they contain up to 30 flowers. There are hardly recognizable to present short flower stalks.

The only one day open, hermaphrodite flowers are more or less radial symmetry and threefold. The six equal bracts are up to at least half their length tubes grown - up salverform. The colors of the bracts range from white to blue - mauve to mauve or yellow. The free area of the bloom is two-lipped, the three-lobed upper lip has a broader middle lobe with yellow spot and the lower lip is three-lobed. The free areas of the bracts are oblong with a maximum length of 2 cm to wrong - lanceolate or narrow -elliptic with blunt to tapered at the top. Of the only three distinctly unequal in most species stamens lateral two are shorter. Few species have three equal stamens. The yellow or purple stamens are glabrous, glandular- hairy fluffy or soft-hairy; In some species, they are bent inwardly. The yellow or purple anthers are rounded, oblong or arrow- shaped. The three carpels are fused to a constant upper, incomplete three - or unilocular ovary. There are ten to many ovules available. The style ends in a three-lobed stigma. The flowers often develop under the water surface and are usually kleistogam.

Fruit and seeds

The elongated, loculicidalen fruit capsules contain 10 to 200 seeds. The relatively small seeds are ovate have a längsgerippte seed coat ( testa).

Occurrence

The genus is widespread Heteranthera with eleven species in the New World and only one kind in Africa. The Heteranthera species thrive in fresh water in tropical to temperate regions.

Widespread in Africa Heteranthera callifolia is in the IUCN Red List as " least concern " = 2010 " not at risk " rating. Very rarely is Heteranthera mexicana.

Some species are neophytes in tropical to temperate regions.

System

The genus Heteranthera in 1794 set up by Hipólito Ruiz and José Antonio Pavón Lopez y Jiménez in Florae Peru Vianae, et chilensis Prodromus, p 9. Type species is Heteranthera reniformis Ruiz & Pav. The genus name Heteranthera is composed of the Greek words heteros for different and antheros for dust bag together, this refers to the unequal anthers in most species. Synonyms for Heteranthera Ruiz & Pav are: Schollera Schreb, Heterandra P.Beauv, Leptanthus Michx, Buchosia Vell, Lunania Raf, Raf Triexastima, Phrynium Loefl. .. .. .. ex Kuntze, Zosterella Small, Eurystemon Alexander. The last revision of the genus Heteranthera was carried out by Charles Norman Horn: A systematic revision of the genus Heteranthera (sensu lato; Pontederiaceae ), unpublished doctoral dissertation at the University of Alabama, 1985.

There are about twelve Heteranthera types:

• Heteranthera callifolia Rchb. ex Kunth, Syn: Heteranthera kotschyana Fenzl ex Solms, Heteranthera Potamogeton Solms, Schollera kotschyana ( Fenzl ex Solms ) Kuntze, Schollera Potamogeton ( Solms ) Kuntze, Heteranthera pubescens A.Chev. nom. nud. It is widespread throughout tropical Africa and the Transvaal and southwestern Africa. It is used in the IUCN = as " least concern " or "not at risk " rating. In West Africa, the stocks are usually stable. In East Africa this type is rare. There are finds in the sea area in Victoria Ahero and western Kenya in Mumias and central Kenya in Machakos. Reports exist of Tanzania and Uganda.
• Heteranthera dubia ( Jacq. ) Macmill. It is in North America, widespread from Canada to Mexico and also occurs in Cuba.
• Heteranthera limosa ( Sw. ) Willd. It is widespread from north through Central America to South America and on Caribbean islands.
• Heteranthera mexicana S.Watson: The very rare annual species only occurs in ephemeral ponds in Texas and the Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas.
• Heteranthera multiflora ( Griseb. ) CNHorn: It is widespread from North and South America.
• Heteranthera oblongifolia Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f. It comes in southern Mexico and in Cuba, and from Ecuador to Brazil before.
• Heteranthera peduncularis Benth. It comes from Mexico to Honduras before.
• Kidney -shaped Trugkölbchen ( Heteranthera reniformis Ruiz & Pav, Syn: .. Heterandra reniformis ( Ruiz & Pav ) P.Beauv, Leptanthus reniformis ( Ruiz & Pav ) Michx, Schollera reniformis ( Ruiz & Pav ) Kuntze, Phrynium reniforme ( Ruiz & Pav ) Kuntze, Heteranthera acuta Willd., Heteranthera pubescens Vahl, Leptanthus peruvianus pers., Leptanthus virginicus pers., Buchozia aquatica Vell. , Pontederia azurea Schult. & Schult.f. , Heteranthera virginicus Steud. , Phrynium reniforme var acutum ( Willd.) Kuntze, Heteranthera reniformis var conjungens O.Schwarz ): It is widespread from north through Central America to South America and on Caribbean islands. In Italy it is a neophyte.
• Heteranthera rotundifolia ( Kunth ) Griseb. It is up to Central South America and on Caribbean islands widespread from North about. In Italy it is a neophyte.
• Heteranthera seubertiana Solms: It occurs to Brazil in southern Mexico and Venezuela.
• Heteranthera spicata C.Presl: It comes from the Mexican state of Jalisco prior to Peru and Cuba.
• Seegrasblättriges Trugkölbchen ( Heteranthera zosterifolia Mart. ): She comes from Brazil to northern Argentina before.

Use

Some species (for example, Heteranthera zosterifolia ) are used as ornamental plants for ponds and aquariums.

Swell

• Charles N. Horn: Pontederiaceae: Heteranthera, pp. 41 - text Registered as printed work, Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 26 - Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales, Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5. (Section Description and dissemination )
• Elizabeth McClintock: Jepson Flora Project. ( Description section )