High-tech architecture
High -tech architecture (also: Late Modern architecture or structural expressionism ) is a technology- specific architectural style that emerged in the 1970s. As the time for the construction came new technologies such as structural steel in question, new design and form-finding processes have been developed. To date, the building of high- tech architecture using new materials of high-tech industry and high technology and characterized by a future-oriented design, in which a lot of glass and steel will be used.
Building of this architectural style were built mainly in North America and Europe. The high- tech architecture is deeply connected with the so-called Chicago School, which emerged after the Second World War. The models were, for example, the high-rise buildings by Mies van der Rohe as the 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments and civil engineering works of the 19th century (for example, by Vladimir Shukhov ).
Characteristics
Use of high- tech
In the early 1970s, was first hollow structural section steel are used as building material, so that was at that time a lot of experimenting with this material. Therefore, most of the early examples of high- tech architecture disclosed structural steel used as material of their choice.
Meanwhile, high-tech materials of aerospace or power generation are integrated and ecological solutions developed with scientists - such as in the Reichstag dome in Berlin by Norman Foster. It also controllable facades for the ventilation of large glass structures play a role ( for example, when debis House in Berlin ). For membrane and outer shells partially models were used in the animal kingdom such as the structure of the dolphin skin.
Use of prefabricated components
For buildings of high- tech architecture components and whole building systems based on modern technologies with Präszisionstechnik in a simple aesthetics are industrially prefabricated, and then mount it on construction. Preference is given to industrial production methods with glass, metal or plastic - as "clean " building materials. In the high- tech architecture interchangeable modules were used during construction ( " plug-in elements " ) in order to reduce the maintenance costs for wear parts for the first time.
Presentation of Technology
As with the brutalism in the high-tech architecture, the structure of the building is exposed. However, in contrast to the emphasis on concrete exterior walls when brutalism are glass facades and steel structures typical characteristics of high-tech buildings. This has its roots in modern architecture and was influenced by the skyscrapers of Mies van der Rohe - for example, the 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments in Chicago. Built in 1974 as Sears Tower Willis Tower by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill showed that very high buildings can be built of glass facades and a skeleton structure.
The technology that goes into a building, is presented deliberately in the high-tech architecture. This technical elements and design details to be highlighted - for example, by the visual emphasis of technical and functional components of a building (partly also by their oversizing ).
Thus, in the high-tech architecture, the inner steel or concrete structures as well as the technical equipment disclosed, to make them visually in the center. The fascination with technology led to the aestheticization of technical construction types - for example in the form of visible structures and delivery systems. From these viewpoints emerged monumental " building machines" like the Lloyds Building in London (1979-1984) ( see picture). The most famous example is the Centre Pompidou ( 1971-1977 ). Here the idea of the disclosed structure is taken to the extreme - with apparently structural components that have little or no role to play for the structure. In this case, the use of structural steel is a stylistic and aesthetic purpose. The pipes for the ventilation system are strikingly visible on the outside of the building. This was a radical design, as previously such systems were hiding in the building. The access routes were highlighted and run in separate tubes ( see picture).
The systematic and consistent manner are designed with the building in high-tech style of architecture in order to preserve their functional nature is also reflected in the HSBC Main Building (Hong Kong) by Norman Foster ( see picture).
High -tech architecture and landscape architecture
There are also buildings of high-tech architecture, which respond to the landscape and particularly integrated local references. A prominent example is the Munich Olympic Park 1972: Already showed the first draft that here dominate organic forms that blend smoothly into the grounds. On the disused airfield in northern Munich, the Behnisch & Partner, developed in cooperation with a landscape architect, a terrain in which landscape architecture and flow into each other to allow for "sport in the country". For this purpose, a lake was created, planted thousands of trees, laid functionally important parts of the building into the earth and embedded sporting venues in hollows ( see picture).
To blur the transition between interior and exterior, translucent scaffold structures were designed. In collaboration with the architect Frei Otto transparent, large-scale roofs were created that were curious how networks around the grounds. You shine through the daylight while offering protection from bad weather. Thus, the Olympic facilities are Olympiapark in Munich a special type of high- tech architecture, to enter into a harmonious relationship with the landscape and organic forms of architecture through high-tech elements.
Background
The scientific and technological advances in the 1970s had a major impact on the industrialized nations. The space race reached in 1969 with the moon landing its peak. At the same time a rapid military development took place. These advances made sure that many people now believed that due to technological progress could be achieved much more. Technical equipment were used for the ordinary people by the use of screens, headsets etc.
Thus, it was only logical that architects thus began to incorporate high -tech in their designs in order to find an architectural response to the proliferation of technology in developed countries. With their approach, the high- tech architecture renewed the faith in progress and in the ability of technology to improve the world. This can be seen for technically sophisticated buildings in Japan during the post-war boom of the 1960s, especially in the plans of Kenzo Tange - although only a few of these designs have been actually implemented.
Name
The high- tech architecture took its name from the book " High Tech: The Industrial Style and Source Book for The Home ," the design journalists Joan Kron and Suzanne Slesin, the Clarkson N. Potter Publishers in the (New York) in November 1978 was published. The book, which was illustrated with hundreds of photos, showing how designers, architects and builders classic industrial objects related - Library shelving, glassware, metal cover plates, restaurant equipment, factory lights and signal lights of runways, industrial carpets etc. They were selected from industrial catalogs for the apartments. The preface of the book comes from the architect Emilio Ambasz - once curator of the Design Department of the Museum of Modern Art Ambasz assigns it the trend in the historical context.
Due to the recognition and popularity of the book, this equipment style became known as "high-tech " and forced the use of the still unclear concept of "high-tech " in everyday language. 1979 a term of high-tech for the first time in a cartoon of the New Yorker, as a woman scolded her husband because he is not sufficiently high-tech ". 're Middle-, middle -, middle - tech" After the Esquire summed up the book by Kron and Ślesin in six training sequences, began retailers throughout the United States high-tech decor in their windows and furniture departments receive. The book was reprinted in England, France and Japan, as in the original edition, each issue contained a directory of local sources for the items shown.
Objectives
High -tech architecture was a response to the growing disenchantment with Modern architecture in many ways. The desire for inexpensive properties resulted in buildings modern architecture more often to inferior designs, quality loss and a less aesthetic appearance. The high- tech architecture created a new aesthetic that was in contrast to the average modern architecture. If the book High Tech: The high-tech aesthetics is discussed The Industrial Style and Source Book for The Home, the authors emphasize that components are used, which would find their own parents probably impossible. This poignant remark illustrates the underlying rebellious attitude.
Kron and Ślesin further explain that the term "high-tech " is used in architectural circles to have a name for the increasing number of residential and public buildings, which were designed practice-oriented - with exposed pipes and a technological appearance ( " nuts- and- bolts, exposed -pipes, technological look " ). The Pompidou Centre is a good example, because it highlights one of the central purposes of the high- tech architecture out: Here is gepralt with the technical elements of the building, by being open sets. To generate the technical aspects of the Ästhektik of the building.
The high- tech architecture aims to give everything an industrial appearance. Thus, in the interior started a trend to use industrial objects in the living area, such as beakers as vases. This trend of industrial aesthetics was funded by the conversion of industrial space in the living room.
No matter how dominant the industrial look of buildings makes its appearance, the principle of functionality ( a heritage of modern architecture ) was always substantially retained. The ingredients always actually serve a purpose. At the same time to the type of use of the building not be fixed: A building should provide all the technical services that are necessary for a diverse, open use ( " technical services are Provided but do not become set" ).
Demarcation from other architectural styles
The high- tech architecture brought modern architecture to date: they extended the earlier ideas Modern architecture around even more advanced technological achievements. Therefore, this style of architecture also serves as a bridge between contemporary architecture and postmodern architecture - but there are also gray areas where one category ends and the other begins. In the 1980s, it became increasingly difficult to distinguish between architecture High -tech architecture and postmodern, since then, many of the themes and ideas of high- tech architecture were integrated into the formal language of postmodern architecture schools.
Criticism of the high- tech architecture
Early high-tech building in the 1970s by historian Reyner Banham be as "service sheds" ( " maintenance shed " ), since they include the facilities, pipelines and tubes of home automation disclose next to the structure of the building.
Famous representatives
Important representatives of this style include British architects such as Norman Foster ( b. 1935 ), Richard Rogers ( born 1933 ) and Michael Hopkins ( born 1935 ), the American architect Buckminster Fuller ( 1895-1983 ), the Italian architect Renzo Piano ( * 1937 ), the Japanese architect Toyo Ito ( b. 1941 ), the French architect Jean Nouvel ( b. 1945 ), the Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas ( b. 1944 ) and the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava ( b. 1951 ), renowned for its functional, organic is known futuristic designs.
Examples
Early examples of high-tech architecture including the John Hancock Center ( Chicago) by Fazlur Khan (1969 ), the World Trade Center (New York City ) by Minoru Yamasaki ( 1971) ( destroyed on September 11, 2001) or the Centre Georges Pompidou (Paris) by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers ( 1977). In the 1990s, among other things, was the debis am Potsdamer Platz in Berlin. In the new millennium stand particularly high-rise buildings such as 30 St Mary Axe ( London) by Norman Foster ( 2003), Agbar Tower (Barcelona) by Jean Nouvel (2005), the Hearst Tower (New York City ) by Norman Foster ( 2004) or Senedd ( Cardiff Bay) by Richard Rogers ( 2006) forth.