House

A house is a building in which people live or work, that is a residential or commercial building.

Houses differ according to their house type (eg detached, high-rise, apartment building ), and often also by its energy standard (eg passive house, low energy house ).

Etymology

As an independent concept house is used primarily for buildings with residential function: "House is a building that serves people for living, housing and employment. " Colloquially the word is synonymous with building - without the context of use - used (as in high-rise building ). House will be associated in German with different terms to describe different types of buildings or the use, for example, residential house, farmhouse, car park, city hall, department store, hospital, orphanage, elephant house, tree house etc.

The word itself has a long history with a number of changes importance:

Old High German Hûs originally meant " the covering ". It is rooted in a very old Indo-European root meaning * kU / * [s ] keu " protection, encase ," and look about in Sanskrit sku " cover ", Greek σκευη skeue " clothing, armor ," σκυτος skytos " skin, Leather ", or the Latin scutum 'shield', as well as barn. The German final "s" is interpreted as " remnant of a means or tools suggestive suffix ', and HUS have therefore stands near the Old High German hat, hut, (Ob ) hat / hats, and skin differentiated to the words, and probably also the hat m. is based. Get this meaning is also in the housing.

The word referred to below next to " building " increasingly " home " (see live " live "), " flat " in the sense chamber, or the " Housekeeping " and the "good of the house" ( the household ) and the House State, so the "marriage" and "family".

The term extended consequently on:

• The ancestral residence (in " be at home ", " come back home ", "home" ) in the 6th century, a word sense, which is moved in the 17th century in the vicinity of the concept of home. This corresponds to the already approximately equal old -heim in place names.
• The ( permanent ) residence ( "home", " home " ) in the 9th century
• The castle, about in the 12th century
• The family of the lord of the castle, the noble family
• Other special public buildings and their staff: Deputies meetings ( House of Lords, House of Commons, Members of the House ), Guild House, including, or just the people in it: Home for the " theater audience ", or trading house
• And already gudhûs Gothic " house of God ", "Holy district " as a translation of the Latin templus to the Roman concept of the household gods replacing

Middle High German is distributed solely Hus neuter gender, plur. Hus and hiuser, neuhochdeutsch diphthongised the long, " û " in Bavarian to house, Hauss, from where it finds its way into the high-level language, while Dutch huys, huis forms, like English, the Scandinavian languages ​​retain hus. In High German it is also apokopiert (loss of Middle High German noun ending in " -e ") in " at home ", " at home " but a remnant has been preserved.

House as a legal concept

The word house, originally the "Protection" (like housing), then " abode " ( live in ), now " living building " is already common in the early days of literature as a legal concept.

The house is a worldwide common law concept that the legal jurisdiction ( the House of God) is entitled to the landlord of his property and possessions, in distinction to the municipal law. The house right includes the home jurisdiction and the screen violence ( the right to defense ). It is already enshrined in Roman law and takes place in the German legal opinion in the Germanic legal support.

• From the High Middle Ages, when the House term passes to the nobility, he gets to be home law, which are acts (the family, the house ) and not borrowed territorial ownership affect the household ( the power base ).
• In the transition to public buildings, the concept (the house rules, concerning ) goes to the House Rules on
• The domestic peace ( inviolability ), similar to the historical garden of peace as particularly worthy of protection, now a fundamental right
• The rest house ( freedom from interference )
• The right to ban ( "the right to have the door " )

House and yard is to say since the 12th century, later than the 15th century also in the legal sense " dwelling house and land ownership " is therefore not a Hendiadyoin ( description with the same ), but alliterative phrase. Thus we find in 1227:

" Sal Sweren, dat he sines Huses not yet houes ne Wete "

Around the late 14th century states:

" In an intrinsically and hofen ... with ... self, do he thinks farmland and huz; daz glad we own legend; domete daz he speaks hofen, do he thinks steende own, alzo husere "

" House" and " yard" exchange in the history of language their significance in relation to the property from: Here huz still stands for land, the earlier term yard, " yard or field " for land, (construction ) Land and parcel, and hofen, husere for the present house as a building. While originally " court " means the dwelling as a concept house only the concrete structural measures, is now house the abstract ( " home " ), and yard only minor structural space (courtyard, atrium).

Other related phrases are:

• House and belongings stands for real estate ( property ) and movable property ( household goods ).
• House and hostel for " the roof over your head " and " accommodation offer ," according to today's Logis in " room and board ".
• House and Zehr for room and board

House as a structural concept

Underlying the concept is always the meaning of " permanent building " to provisional in demarcation and " windy " buildings in the onomastic aspects. So is in § 297 of the General Civil Code 1812:

" In like manner among the immovable those that are listed on the land with the intention that they should stay on constantly, as: houses and other buildings ... "

In particular, it reveals itself in the medieval right-turn home and smoke for the heated building, so get in two senses:

• In the hammer house of a scythe factory, power house (industry), the house than the Taggebäude a mine, brewhouse a Saline, in the rural architecture Backhaus for the " free-standing oven " bathhouse for the medieval sauna farmers ( the later by decree in the Brechlbad for the is converted flax )
• In " home " for the vestibule, hallway, what it returns, that prior to the development of the chimney (smoke house ), but also in existing fireplace central fireplace in the house is located in the lobby, and the rooms only separated therefrom crates. The solid construction of the interior walls ( " room" to carpentry of the log cabin ) develops later, and in this construction are still only a fireplace and chimney in stone "solid" built. Even in the brick house the room-side or back- tiled stove is initially heated from the hallway. Today, this is what the sayings home and hearth or transmitted hearth and home.

Onomastics

Places with a name ending in -haus/e/n are typical of settlements of the course of the Frankish conquest, which took place in the late 5th to the 7th century, and the subsequent extensions of the Frankish Empire in Bavaria, and later Austria and Saxony to the 9th century where they are but clearly less. Names of this kind are also in much later language layers.

The surname is common throughout the German-language area and is also found in Dutch and Norwegian.

Name variants:

• House
• Hausen / live - may be old, and dating back to the 5th, 6th century, but productive to modern times
• Hus (s / n ) or - hus (s / n), mostly old, this made ​​the modern German diphthongization « u » → « au » not with, and are in the Alemannic and Low German spread, rarely secondary education in the dialect
• Häus ( e) l (s ) or as a suffix, in the Upper German (as in Neuhäus ( e) l) - usually a form less advanced age, they are also primarily to house and houses in the modern sense, not in the Franco- Bavarian settlement context how family name show on - häusler

• -house, engl., house (s), French, often also to Frankophonierung formerly German place names in the language border area
• Huis, huys, nld.

Correspondences

• Villa, originally Latin, see also Weiler
• Casa is another Romanesque correspondence