Hygrophorus eburneus
Ivory Schneck Ling ( Hygrophorus eburneus )
The Ivory Schneck Ling ( Hygrophorus eburneus, Syn Agaricus eburneus Bull, Gymnopus eburneus [ Bull ] Gray, Limacium eburneum [ Bull ] P. Kumm. ) Is an edible mushroom fruiting from the family of Schneck Ling relatives ( Hygrophoraceae ). It is widely distributed in Europe and North America and has been collected in North Africa. The fruit bodies are medium sized, pure white and damp coated with a layer of mucus that is thick enough to make it difficult to pick-up. The lamellae are grown wide or decurrent on stem. As the English name "ivory waxy cap" suggests, they feel waxy, when rubbed between the fingers. Like all species Hygrophorus he lives in symbiotic mycorrhizal connection ( nutrient exchange ) with trees. It is used in a variety of forest types, where the fruiting bodies grow on the ground. The Ivory Schneck Ling is the type species of the genus of Hygrophorus. From the fruiting bodies of a number of biologically active chemicals have been extracted, including fatty acids having bactericidal and fungicidal properties. He bears fruit in Central Europe from September to November.
- 4.1 Infra Generic Systematics
- 5.1 edibility
- 5.2 Bioactive compounds
Features
Macroscopic characteristics
The hat Ivory Schneck Lings is two to seven centimeters tall flattened with a form of convex up, sometimes with a hump. In old age, sometimes lifts the brim and the Hutmitte is depressed. The hat is pure white and can be zähschleimig to sticky depending on the ambient humidity. The hat surface is smooth, rolled edge of the flat and in young specimens, and covered with short fuzz. The flesh is white, thick in the Hutmitte and rejuvenating the brim. Smell and taste are mild.
The slats are slightly curved decurrent, ie upward curved in an arc shape to the handle down first and then a short distance the stem decurrent. From the distance fro they are removed or nearly removed standing, so an intermediate distance is visible. The fins are moderately wide, widest near the stem, front narrower, pure white, slightly yellowish or brownish-yellow with age or dried. The slats are smooth cutting.
The stem is slimy, 4,5 to 15 cm long, 2-8 mm thick, uniformly strong over the entire length downwards slightly tapered with a very diluted basis. The surface is silky under the mucus. The upper end of the stem is covered with short, pure white fuzz, sometimes grayish or dirty with age. He is initially filled with cotton-like mycelial tissue and later hollow.
The hats of dried fruit bodies typically remain white, while the stems are darker, especially if they are first soaked in water.
Microscopic characteristics
The spores appear white when viewed as a sporeprint in masses. A light microscope revealed further details: the spores are ellipsoid, smooth, and measure 6 to 8 on 3.5 to 5 microns. They are pale yellow in Melzer's reagent. The basidia ( spore- bearing cells ) are 42 to 52 to 608 microns and viersporig. There is no pleurocystidia or cheilocystidia. The disc tissue is selected from branched, about 7 to 12 micrometers wide hyphae. The hat skin consists of gelatinous, narrow ( 3-6 microns) Hyphengewebe whose fabric threads crawling ( bent ), but are typically upright with some free ends. In Hyphengewebe buckles compounds are present.
Artabgrenzung
A similar-looking species to Ivory Schneck Ling Ling is the spruce Schneck ( Hygrophorus piceae ), which differs by a less slimy hat, a dry to slightly tacky handle and frequent company with spruce. The Schleimigberingte Schneck Ling ( Hygrophorus gliocyclus ) is just as slimy, but has a cream colored hat, thicker stem and grows with pines. Hygrophorus borealis is also similar in appearance, but has a smaller cap diameter of up to 4.5 centimeters and is not slimy. The Oak Schneck Ling ( Hygrophorus cossus ), which typically grows with oak trees, distinguished by pale yellow - brown color of pinklich hat and fins and has a distinct sour smell; also shows Hygrophorus cossus the stalk no reaction with potassium hydroxide as does the Ivory Schneck Ling. The Shining mucus Schirmling ( Limacella illinita ) has nichtwachsige lamellae which are not grown on a stick.
Habitat and distribution
The fruiting bodies of the Ivory Schneck Lings grow preferentially on (moderate ) wet, clayey and calcareous soil. In Europe, it is commonly found from August to November in mixed deciduous forests.
The fungus is also widely used in North America and is also found in Israel and North Africa.
Taxonomy and systematics
The species was first named in 1783 by the French botanist Jean eburneus Bulliard as Agaricus. Elias Fries divided the large genus Agaricus in his Systema Mycologicum I into a number of tribes and classified Agaricus eburneus in the tribes Limacium. As Fries 1836 in his epicrisis systematis Mycologici first time defined the genus Hygrophorus he concluded Hygrophorus eburneus there with a. The fungus was named in 1871 by Paul eburneum grief as Limacium as he rose Fries ' tribe to the rank of genera, and of Samuel Frederick Gray 1821 as Gymnopus eburneus.
The Style epithet " eburneus " is a Latin adjective meaning " ivory " or " ivory ".
Infra Generic Systematics
The Ivory Schneck Ling is the type species of the genus Hygrophorus and is in the section Hygrophorus, subsection Hygrophorus classified. This includes species with non- amyloid, smooth spores and divergent hyphae in the tissues of the hymenium. Other species in this sub-section are the Nichtverfärbende Schneck Ling ( Hygrophorus coccus ), the Obese Schneck Ling ( Hygrophorus ponderatus ), the discoloring Schneck Ling ( Hygrophorus discoxanthus ) and Hygrophorus glutinosus and Hygrophorus eburneiformis two North American species. Other authors place it in the section Eburnei. This section includes species that have a more or less greasy to slimy pileus and stipe. The hat is white to off-white, pink - ochraceous or pale orange colored.
Importance
Edibility
The mushroom is edible, although it may not be appealing because of its sliminess for many. In China, a Yakmilchgetränk with Ivory Schneck Lingen and yak milk is produced in milk subsp acid fermentation with Lactobacillus delbrueckii. bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus acidophilus as a mixed starter culture.
Bioactive compounds
Several biologically active fatty acids having bactericidal and fungicidal properties have been isolated from the fruiting bodies of the Ivory Schneck compact and identified. The biologically active fatty acids are based on a chemical structure called γ - Oxocrotonat. The following gamma- Oxocrotonat derivatives were found in the fungus: (2E, 9E) -4 -2 ,9,17 - trienoic oxooctadeca acid, (2E, 11Z ) -4 ,11,17 - trienoic oxooctadeca -2 acid, (E) -4- oxohexadeca - 2 ,15 - dienoic acid, (E) -4- oxooctadeca - 2 ,17 - dienoic acid, (2E, 9E )-4- oxooctadeca - 2 ,9 - dienoic acid, (2E, 11Z )-4- oxooctadeca - 2 ,11 - dienoic acid, (E) -4- oxohexadec -2- enoic acid and (E )-4- oxooctadec -2- enoic acid. The compound ( E)-4 - enoic acid oxohexadec -2 was investigated for the potential use as a fungicide against the Eipilz Type Phytophthora infestans, a pathogen of potato late blight in potatoes or late blight on tomatoes.
In Ivory Schneck Ling additional secondary metabolites discovered include the ceramide compound called Hygrophamid ( (2S, 3R, 4R, 2'R ) -2 - (2' -hydroxy- 9'Z - ene- tetracosanoylamino ) octadecanes -1, 3, 4 -triol ) and known as Harman and norharman β -carboline alkaloids. The discovery report of 2008 on the latter two compounds is the first known occurrence in fungal fruiting bodies dar.