Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus
Olivbrauner Schneck Ling ( Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus )
The olive-brown worm Ling ( Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus ), also called Natternstieliger Schneck Ling, is a fungus of the genus Hygrophorus. It appears from August to November under the fir trees in the mountain forests of North America and Eurasia, and at its olive-brown hat and his elongated stem visible. Besides its use as an edible mushroom he has discovered mainly by recently won some antibiotic ingredients in importance.
- 3.1 Outer systematics
- 3.2 Internal systematics
- 4.1 Edible Mushroom
- 4.2 Pharmacology
- 5.1 Literature
- 5.2 External links
- 5.3 Notes and references
Features
Fruiting bodies
The hat of the olive-brown worm -form is hemispherical shaped 2-12 cm wide and in young mushrooms; with age it becomes flatter and wider, but retains its characteristic dark hump. The surface of the gray - to rußigbraunen hat is slimy and obtained by overstretched Hutfasern under the mucus layer a aderiges appearance. The edge is initially inflected, more distanced in age. Young fruit bodies are covered with two layers of velum, the inner veil often remains as a dark ring. The fungus has an elongated, slender and full handle with a length of up to 15 cm, a diameter of 1-3 cm and a slimy in wet weather surface. He is white and often subliminally genattert olivbräunlich; its peak, however, is whitish and moist. At the base of the handle is usually narrow. The stem is covered with two layers of tissue: the outer one is of a sticky texture, the inner is relatively thin and is made of flocked fibers, similar to those under the mucus layer of the hat with which they are first connected. By the longitudinal growth of the shaft breaks the lower layer, whereby the Natterung formed. The closely spaced fins of the olive-brown worm -form are plump and run down on the stem; they have a white, slightly greyish at the base color and have a waxy finish.
The meat of the mushroom is soft, thin and white. It tastes mild and has no distinct smell; However reddish reacts with sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. The spore print of olive-brown worm -form is also white.
Microscopic properties
The fungal spores have a size of 9-12 × 5-6 microns are elliptical in shape and are not amyloid; its surface is smooth. Melzer's reagent it turns yellow. The 46-62 × 7-10 micron basidia are viersporig and have short, stout sterigmata. Neither pleurocystidia cheilocystidia still exist.
The gelatinous cuticle has a thickness of 250 to 450 micrometers and is comprised of loop-shaped, dark hyphae with a width of 2 to 3 micrometers, which is arranged horizontally, and forming a Ixocutis have buckles; a Hypocutis not owned by the fungus. Trama the hat is composed of radially extending, the. The slats of branched, about 3-8 microns thick hyphae
From the olive-brown worm Ling formed as fungalem mycorrhizal partners, such as the Fichtenmykorrhiza Piceirhiza gelatinosa is white and has a smooth, wachsigartige surface, lay under in several layers hyphae around the roots of the tree; sometimes these mycorrhizal shows hypertrophy. The hyphae are encased by a gelatinous mass is separated from the outer walls of the hyphae.
Ecology and distribution
The olive-brown worm Ling forms mycorrhizae with a number of conifers. While it is found in northern Germany almost exclusively spruce and rarely under pines, he settled in the Pacific Northwest the ground under fir trees, on the west coast, however, Sitka spruce and coastal redwoods. In the Rocky Mountains, he settled Engelmann spruce, on the north east coast of the United States hemlock. He generally prefers acidic and calcareous soils with moss at higher elevations, coniferous forests, is sometimes but also scattered conifers found in the deciduous forest.
The distribution area of the olive-brown worm -form stretches across the north and the west coast of the North American continent as well as all over Europe (except the Mediterranean region ) and Russia. In Germany he is as good as anywhere to be found, albeit in the North German lowlands rarer than in the central mountain areas. In appearance, it occurs mainly from August to November, but sometimes it is also ( depending on geographic location and climate ) in June or until inside to find in December. The stock is currently apparently not endangered; the olive-brown worm body is not out in the Red List of Switzerland, Germany and Austria.
System
The systematic position of the olive-brown worm -form, is not fully understood as well as in many other large mushrooms. Difficulties are mainly the differentiation from other Hygrophorus types and the classification of subtaxa.
Outer systematics
H. olivaceoalbus shows great similarity with other, closely related Schneck Lingen. The Olivgestiefelte Schneck Ling (H. personii ) is considered by some authors as a synonym of H. olivaceoalbus. Noteworthy in this context, however, is the fact that H. personii and H. olivaceoalbus different mycosterols ( sterols, see also the section pharmacology ) produce and their meat differently to the addition of NaOH reacts (red in H. olivaceoalbus compared to olive green in H. personii ). In addition, preferably H. personii oaks as mycorrhizal partners. Together with the Black Dotted Schneck Ling (H. pustulatus ), the Olivgestiefelten Schneck Ling, the duns mucus stalk Schneck Ling (H. mesotephrus ) and the Weißschuppiggestiefelten Schneck Ling (H. latitabundus ) forms the olive-brown worm Ling Olivaceoumbrini the section within the genus Hygrophorus. The members of this section have greasy to slimy caps and stems. Their hats are dark brown gray, olive or orange. The stem is ringed genattert or more or less clearly.
Inside systematics
The internal system of H. olivaceoalbus is a complex procedure: While some varieties are very similar in shape to their fruiting body and its microscopic properties of the nominate form, shows H. gracilis var olivaceoalbus a much smaller and partly differently shaped fruiting bodies, but it is due to the surface texture of its fruit body count as variety.
For the olive-brown worm Ling following varieties have been described:
Importance
Mushroom
The olive-brown worm Ling is mainly used in the kitchen, although both find his culinary value positive and negative information. The latter are usually justified by the complex removal of the slimy skin; David Arora also speaks to the flesh only a stale taste. Hans Laux, however, speaks of a good edible mushroom. The popularity of this worm -form varies from region to region. In Europe it is used more often than in North America for mushroom dishes, and even within Europe it is different desires. So he applies for example within Spain only in Catalonia as tasty, with mushroom dishes are more common in this region, however, than in the rest of Spain.
Pharmacology
From the fruiting bodies of the olive-brown worm -form to cyclopentenone derivatives can, the so-called hygrophorones, winning, which produces the fungus as secondary substances. The compounds obtained are polyols and having antifungal and antibacterial (ie, fungal and bakterienbekämpfende ) effect, in particular with respect to Gram- positive bacteria. The olive-brown worm Ling thus play an important role as a supplier of antibiotics, even more so since the hygrophorones also show in bacterial strains effect that are resistant to common antibiotics such as methicillin, ciprofloxacin or vancomycin.