Klingon grammar
This article deals with the grammatical, phonetic and lexical bases of the Klingon language.
The Klingon language is an agglutinative language. There are three parts of speech: nouns, verbs and others.
- 5.1 Pronominalpräfix 5.1.1 imperative
- 5.2.1 Type 1: Reflexive assignment
- 5.2.2 Type 2: choice and preparation
- 5.2.3 Type 3: Change
- 5.2.4 Type 4: Create
- 5.2.5 Type 5: Indefinite subject and ability
- 5.2.6 Type 6: Quality
- 5.2.7 Type 7: The aspect
- 5.2.8 Type 8: ceremony
- 5.2.9 Type 9: Syntax Notes
- 6.1 pronouns
- 6.2 Adverbs
- 6.3 numbers
- 7.1 phonetics
Typeface
The Klingon language is represented by Latin letters, which are to be understood as a kind of phonetic transcription. This procedure was chosen in order to write Klingon with a conventional keypad and also can be manually without using the for the layman is difficult to read signs of IPA. This explains why some letters in the middle of word -sized, others are lowercase. The letters are always displayed as directed, neither at the beginning of a sentence, modified for proper names. The letters I and l are difficult to distinguish depending on the font, so especially for beginners a representation with serifs is recommended.
The Klingon alphabet contains 26 letters. It should be noted that the sounds ch, gh, ng and tlh viewed as separate letters and are also considered in alphabetical order so.
From ch D e gh HI jlmn ng opq Q r S t tlh uvwy '
Word order
The word order in Klingon is object - verb-subject:
Targh legh HoD The captain sees the Targ literally: Targ see Captain word structure
Usually syllables consist of three Klingon letters in the form consonant-vowel -consonant and never start with a vowel. The apostrophe is regarded as a consonant, as are the combinations ch, gh, ng and tlh.
Examples: qam foot, Lod Man, be ' wife
Exceptions are the endings on ... rgh, ... y 'and w ... '.
Examples: ghorgh when, qay ' problematic, chaw ' permission
Words may consist of several syllables, in a few cases can then begin without a syllable consonant:
Examples: nIteb alone, toDuj courage veragh rivets
Noun
There are no products. Simple words such as tlhIngan can so as Klingon, but also the Klingon, Klingon or the Klingons to be translated.
There are five different noun suffixes that can be attached. It should never be used multiple suffixes of the same type. The order is strictly observed, but it does not always have all types are used simultaneously. A schematic of a Klingon word is:
Noun -1 -2-3 -4-5 An example containing all the suffixes:
QaghHommeyHeylIjmo ' because of your seemingly small error literally: Error - small - plural - seemingly - your - because Type 1: Importance scale
The first suffix is used to enlarge ( - 'a'), Zoom ( Hom ) or belittle ( oy ). This suffix has to do not only with size, but also points to the significance or importance. The diminutive is used in Klingon very rare and usually only with relatives (eg vavoy for Papi ).
Type 2: majority
The second suffix can be used to indicate the plural form. A distinction is made, whether it is used for creatures who can speak ( pu '), or body parts ( -Du '). For everything else - mey is used. An intentionally misuse this last suffix indicates that the body parts or being " scattered " are.
Type 3: Quality
Using the third suffix, it is possible to specify how secure the speaker with respect to the noun is. With qoq - an ironic or wrong meaning is specified; this is indicated by " so-called / r / s " translated ( rojqoq, dt about " so-called peace "). If some uncertainty exists, - Hey is appended to the noun, and with -na ' is said that something is clearly (as opposed to - Hey).
Type 4: possession
In fourth place is the possessive suffix. It is important to distinguish whether the noun is a person or not.
Another suffix in this group is - vam, meaning " this / r / s" and its counterpart for distant objects - vetlh what about "those / r / s there " corresponds.
Type 5: Syntax Notes
The last and fifth suffix specifies additional information about the function of the noun in the sentence.
If - Daq is appended to the noun, something happens right near the noun or moving in its direction. With -vo ' motion is shown leading from the noun. By - mo ' it is stated that the statement in the theorem is due to the noun. By - VaD is stated that it is meant for something useful or. In order to emphasize that noun is the most important in the sentence, the suffix - are 'e ' is used.
Verbs
A Verb consists of a maximum of up to nine Pronominalvorsilbe and suffixes.
Pronominalvorsilbe verb -1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9 Pronominalpräfix
Various prefixes the subject and the object is identified.
Thus, from legh ( see) with the prefix qa -to qalegh ( I see you ).
Imperative
The imperative is formed with different prefixes that make no distinction between singular and plural, as long as the object is given.
Suffixes
As with nouns, there are several suffixes for verbs, where each group is allowed to occur a maximum, but not all suffixes must be used. Also, it is important to follow the order of the suffixes, even if a rearrangement could result in a sensible at first glance, changing the meaning.
Type 1: Reflexive assignment
To specify that the verb is applied to the subject itself, which Pronominalpräfix for "no object" is used together with the suffix - ' used egh. If it is a plural subject, "no object" and the suffix - Chuq can be specified along with the Pronominalpräfix for that it is running or " each other", " another". So means we see each other / each other in Klingon maleghchuq ( legh in German means "see" ).
Type 2: choice and preparation
Using the second suffix can be given, how much freedom of choice the subject and how far the preparations. So suppresses NIS from that something must be done. If someone wants to do something voluntarily, this can be said with - QANG. A readiness is indicated in animals with syrup and objects with BEH. The subject can not do something or fear it, the suffix- vIp is used. Here, this suffix is rarely used together with the subject from the first person, as this is covered with a cultural taboo.
There is the exception, that the verb GHUS ( German: " prepared to shoot his" ) can not be used together with the suffix - rup.
Type 3: Change
By the third suffix a change is indicated. Thus pressed -CHOH from that a change in direction or turn happens. If an activity is resumed and the suffix -qa 'is used.
Type 4: Create
With the fourth suffix MOH is said that the subject is causing it and creates new conditions.
Type 5: Indefinite subject and ability
The fifth suffix consists of two different ways. Thus it can be specified with- lu ' that the subject is unknown; this is translated with someone or something. Thus the importance of the conjugation of the verb changes. It is taken to the object the Pronominalpräfix the third person singular to the subject and the original shape of the subject. Thus, from Dalegh ( German: " You see it ") with the suffix Daleghlu ' ( German: " Someone sees you "). In the table of Pronominalpräfixe they are in the bottom line.
It can also be specified with the suffix - lah, that the subject is capable to perform the activity.
Type 6: Quality
Similar to the third suffix of nouns indicates this sixth suffix, how confident the speaker is that the statement is true. If it matches exactly or perfect, will -chu ' appended. With - bej is undoubtedly and naturally meant. In uncertainty -law 'is used; this can be used as "I think " or " I suppose " to be translated. Are there any doubt exists, but it is otherwise obvious clear that the statement is true, is -ba 'is used.
Type 7: The aspect
There are no times ( tenses ), so must be inferred from the context, what time it is. There is no suffix, it is assumed that the action is not yet complete and is not continuous. If the action is ongoing, will pu 'is used, and once this is completed, then - ta'. Alternatively rIntaH can be used as a verb, because it means that the action is complete and is not irreversible. The word consists of rI ( German: " be ready ", " completed ") and the suffix - taH in this category. The suffix - taH this case indicates a continuous action. If this action while driving a well-known destination, instead - taH the suffix - lI 'is used.
Type 8: ceremony
By the eighth suffix NES indicates that the speaker feels honored to perform the action.
Type 9: Syntax Notes
Just as in the fifth suffix of nouns you show with this suffix, what role does the verb. So translates DI ' as " once " or " when" and chugh ' as " if ". The suffix - pa ' is " while" translated " before " and Vis. The suffix -VIS is always used in conjunction with- taH. With - Bogh is marked that it is a relative clause. By - meH a subordinate clause is specified, which starts with " to " is initiated. By - mo ' a subordinate clause is with "because" initiated. A ruling is with - 'a' appears. To " may you " or specify similar, the suffix- jaj is used. Especially with curses and toasts ( "May you be successful " ) is used this suffix. Similarly as in German there is a way to nominalize a verb. For this, the suffix is appended after ghach other Verbsuffixen.
By Wi ' verb is converted into a noun, which executes the action. This corresponds approximately to the appending " -er" in the German language as "driver". This is from So ( German: " camouflage " ) with this suffix the word SOWI ', which is " something that masquerades " means and is translated as " cloaking device ". This works for both objects and people, such as the word baHwI ' ( German: " Sagittarius " ): This consists of baH ( German: "fire" ), meaning " one who fires".
Traveler
In addition to the classic Klingon there are suffixes so-called " travelers ", which can be attached at any point as a suffix. In contrast to the usual suffixes as many travelers can be attached to the verb.
The suffix -be ' negates the verb and is expressing that the activity will be omitted. In German, can the " not " translate as. If the imperative is used instead, the suffix - Qo 'is used. This suffix is the only traveler who is always in the last position, but before the ninth Verbsuffix. By - Ha ' is the meaning of the verb in the opposite way around. This suffix is also applicable to imperatives. Use of the suffix - qu ' suffix or verb is stressed in front of it. The fact that it is a traveler, therefore a special feature of the verb can be emphasized. Thus jIchungqu'be ' with translated while having exchanged traveler " I'm not speeding. " - JIchungbe'qu ' - the translation. " I'm not speeding " is.
Other parts of speech
In Klingon, all word types except verbs and nouns as chuvmey be ( German: the rest / Remaining ) respectively. These include, for example, Pronouns, adverbs and numerals.
Pronoun
There are Klingon 8 pronoun, with a distinction in the third person between objects and living things:
A pronoun can function both as object and as subject. Since the translation of example JIH as I can be and I am, depending on the use noun suffixes or verb suffixes can be appended.
TlhIngan jIHbe ' I'm not a Klingon literally: I Klingon non- If it is clear from the prefix on the verb, who and who is the subject of a sentence object, then the use of a pronoun is required, except if this is to be a little stressed. In German, this is only done by emphasizing:
Qayajbe ' JIH I do not understand you. literally: I understand you - not me SoH qayajbe ' I do not understand YOU. literally: you - I understand you do not Adverbs
These words are two exceptions always at the beginning of the sentence. You can take the suffix- Ha 'to get the opposite meaning in a few cases.
Pay
Numbers are used similarly to the Germans. They are determined before a noun to its number. For larger numbers, there are syllables which are appended, which grow in increments of ten. Ordinalzahlwörter be formed with the suffix- like, copy number words with the suffix- logh. Follows the number of the noun they used to renumber similar to an ordinal. So we Duj means ' one ship while we' Duj, however, a ship means. Suffixes to indicate the plural form is not necessary, when the number is used. It ranges cha ' Duj ( German: two ships) instead cha ' Dujmey to use.
For the tens to a million, there are the following suffixes that are appended to the digit:
For example, you can translate either in 1337 wa'SaD wejvatlh wejmaH Soch or wa'SanID wejvatlh wejmaH Soch.
Pronunciation
According to Scripture
For the pronunciation of the Klingon own phonetic alphabet was developed to ( etc. PC, e-mail, but also handwriting) to simplify the illustration on conventional media. Roughly speaking, one can assume that the lower case letters as in English are spoken during differ uppercase it.