Konrad Duden
Konrad Alexander Friedrich Duden ( born January 3, 1829 Good Bossigt in Lackhausen, Circle Rees, Rhine Province - today a district of Wesel; † August 1, 1911 in Sonneberg district of Wiesbaden, Hesse -Nassau ) was a Prussian- German high school teacher and entered as shown philologist and lexicographer. From him the idea for which was named after him spelling dictionary of the German language, the "Duden " comes.
Life
Konrad Duden was the son of the landowner and distiller Johann Konrad Duden and his wife Julia née Monjé. After his graduation in 1846 to the later named after him Konrad -Duden -Gymnasium in Wesel Konrad Duden studied four semesters of history, German literature and classical philology at the Rheinische Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universität Bonn. There he joined the fraternity Germania Bonn.
After the first four semesters, he abandoned his studies - probably for financial reasons - and took positions as a tutor in Frankfurt am Main and Italy to finance its livelihood. Six years later, in 1854, he brought with special permission, which had freed him because of his tutor activity from further study, the state examination at the University of Bonn. In the same year Konrad Duden doctorate in absentia at the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Marburg with a thesis " De Sophoclis Antigona ". The clerkship at Archi Gymnasium in Soest he broke off in 1854 and adopted a private tutor in Genoa (Italy ); from there he had operated his doctoral program in Marburg. Returned in 1859 to Germany, he worked as a teacher and in career advancement as Director ( Vice Rector ) on Archi school Soest. 1861 married Duden in Messina Adeline Jacob, whom he had met there in 1854 as a subsidiary of the German Consul. From this marriage seven children were born. One of his grandsons was the Mannheim Business Lawyer and Law Teacher Konrad Duden ( 1907-1979 ).
In 1869 he was appointed as headmaster to Schleiz ( Principality of Reuss younger line), where he drew up the rules for the later dictionary, because in Schleiz met Frankish, Thuringian and Saxon dialects, and the assessment of the spelling of a student depended on which language tradition of the respective teacher had grown up. By his standard work Duden had particular educational backgrounds want to make reading and writing.
From 1876 to 1905 he was director of the Royal Grammar School at Hersfeld. Here he published in 1880 his most important work: Full orthographic dictionary of the German language
In 1905 he retired and took his retirement home in Sonneberg in Wiesbaden ( Prussian province of Hesse -Nassau ). He died there in 1911 and was buried at his own request, in the family grave in Bad Hersfeld.
Importance
He sat down his life for a unifying the German spelling. In 1871 he published the first time in the annual reports of the Schleizer school spelling rules with brief explanations under the title "On the German spelling ". He followed it to the phonetic principle - "Write as you speak ." This document, intended for use in his high school, was soon well known in professional circles and appeared the following year in a Leipzig publisher ( " Schleizer Duden "). Thus, the demand for a unified German spelling was very supportive. He was also invited to the first conference on " producing larger agreement in the German spelling ", but failed because of the opposition of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck ( 1815-1898 ).
The published work in 1880 "Complete orthographic dictionary of the German language" is considered the " Urduden " and contains 28,000 words at 187 pages. Bismarck banned by decree, which apply in the Prussian schools taught spelling in the administration. It was only in 1901 decided to representatives of the German states and Austria -Hungary at a conference in Berlin a unified German spelling on the basis of Duden dictionary. 1902 was decided by the German Federal Duden "Rules for German spelling along with word list " for all states of the German Empire as binding, Austria - Hungary and Switzerland followed. According to " blow in the dictionary after! " Is a household word in uncertainties in the German spelling. The "Duden " in its current 26th edition (2013 ) contains about 140,000 keywords.
Konrad -Duden - monument in the Abbey district of Bad Hersfeld
Duden Museum in Rutheneum Schleiz
Monument in the park in Bad Hersfeld
Duden House Bad Hersfeld, where did Duden 1876-1905
Grave stone of Konrad Duden
Works
- The German spelling. Treatise, rules and Wörterverzeichniß with etymological information. For the upper classes of higher educational institutions and self- instruction for the educated. Publisher B.G. Teubner, Leipzig 1872 (so-called Schleizer Duden )
- Instructions for spelling. 2nd edition 1878
- Full orthographic dictionary of the German language, according to the new Prussian and Bavarian rules. Published by the Bibliographical Institute, Leipzig 1880 Facsimile:. Bibliographical Institute, Mannheim 1980.
- Ortho Graphic Guide for the practical life. List of all German and most foreign words, many proper names from the geography and history, as well as many personal names of the present, in uniform letters. Published by the Bibliographical Institute, Leipzig, 1881.
- Full orthographic dictionary for school. According to the official rules of the new orthography. Published by the Bibliographical Institute, Leipzig 1882.
- Etymology of the New High German language. 1893
- Orthographic dictionary. Number Meyers chapbooks. Bibliographical Institute, Leipzig and Vienna oJ.
- Spelling of German language book publishing. Leipzig / Wien 1903 (also known as a " printer Duden " )