Lactarius blennius
Grey Green Milchling ( Lactarius blennius )
The Grey-green Milchling ( Lactarius blennius ) is a species of fungus in the family Täublingsverwandten. The medium sized agaric has grace a brown -green to olivgrauen hat that usually concentrically arranged spots. Pressure points on the white to cream-colored slats color olive gray - stained. His sharp -tasting, white milk dries a gray- greenish. As one of the most common co- fungi of beech of Milchling in European beech forests is widespread. The fruiting bodies appear in summer and autumn. Some pharmacologically interesting ingredients were isolated from the fungus. The pungent Milchling is not edible mushroom.
- 5.1 taxonomy
- 5.2 Infra Generic Systematics
- 5.3 forms and varieties
- 6.1 edibility
- 6.2 ingredients
- 7.1 Notes and references
Features
Macroscopic characteristics
The Grey-green Milchling has a 3-7 ( -10 ) cm wide hat. Initially arched it spreads flat and appears even at the age generally very little depth. He is pale colored olive green to gray-green, sometimes greenish brown to gray- brown. Especially the hat brim down he has darker, brownish and more or less circular patches arranged so that it partially as Zoned appears. The brim is initially rolled up and stays for a long time inflected. When wet, the sticky - greasy surface is often very slimy.
The slightly arched, pushed standing fins are whitish and only later be creamy white to grayish. You are currently grown on a stick or, at most it hardly reduced. Injured or on pressure points they get olive-gray to gray- brown spots. The spore powder is yellowish.
The 3-5 (-7 ) cm long and 1-2 cm thick stem is paler than the hat and towards the base tends to vary greatly rejuvenated. It is whitish or pale greenish- gray to pink colored and wet weather a bit sticky. In the age of the stem is often hollow.
The flesh is white and not or hardly changed its color even when injuries or old age. It tastes hot after a few seconds and has a barely perceptible, pleasantly spicy smell. The milk is white and turns on the air very slowly and almost imperceptibly grayish. Remember Dries she is pale greenish- gray.
Microscopic characteristics
The broadly elliptic to roundish spores are 6.4 to 8.3 microns long and 5.1 to 6.5 microns wide. The ratio of length and spore width between 1.2 to 1.3. The spores ornament is up to 1 micron high and consists of individual warts and different lengths of ribs, which are usually arranged in parallel and sparsely reticulate linked. On the cylindrical to clavate shaped, 32-41 microns long and 9-10 microns wide mature basidia sometimes two, but usually four spores zoom.
The numerous Cheilomakrozystiden are spindle - to pfriemförmig and measure 20-54 x 4-10 microns. The similarly shaped but less numerous Pleuromakrozystiden are 40-85 microns long and 7-10 microns wide.
The strongly gelatinized hat skin is composed of parallel, 1-3 microns wide hyphae with ascending upward bent ends. In between are single, inconspicuous juice tubes ( Lactiferen ) that turn yellowish under the action of potassium hydroxide solution.
The fibers of the ectomycorrhizal are light brown to beige. They are regularly branched monopodial - pyramidal. Unbranched ends are straight; Rhizomorphs are rare.
Artabgrenzung
The Grey-green Milchling can easily with the slightly larger and very variable brown spot ends Milchling ( Lactarius fluens, Syn L. var blennius fluens ) be confused. Since both species differ only slightly, keeping many mycologists the brown spot ends Milchling only for a variety of the gray green dairy compact. His hat is hardly greasy and usually has an off-white to whitish edge, which distinctively sets itself usually from the rest of the hat color. In addition, the blades are cream already in youth. The spores are a little bigger, rounded and powerful ornamentation. The brown stain finish Milchling seems to be less strictly bound to the copper beech - often you can also find him at hornbeam. He prefers to grow on calcareous or loamy soils.
The brown stain finish Milchling can look very similar.
The Grey-green Milchling has at least pure white young blades.
Ecology
As ectomycorrhizal the gray Green Milchling is a strict beech companion. Only in exceptional cases, he also goes into a symbiosis with hornbeam and oak.
It is a characteristic species of native beech forests and mixed beech forests, which makes no special demands on the soil. So you can orchids, and Woodruff find the Milchling in calcareous hair barley, in more neutral in acidic Luzulo - beech forests. But he also grows in montane beech and beech-fir forests. Along with copper beeches, it occurs also in various hornbeam - oak, deciduous tree merge and in acidophilous spruce-fir and spruce forests. Even in parks you can occasionally find it at beeches.
The fruiting bodies appear individually to socialize at the end of June to November. The fungus is planar to high montane spread, so come from the lowlands ( the North Sea and Baltic Sea coast) to the higher mountains before. In the Black Forest in the Garfagnana and the Abruzzi reached 1,050 m the type NN, in Italy a height of 1600 meters in the Swiss Alps and a height of 1800 m above sea level. The lowest deposits are found on the North Sea and Baltic Sea coast and the West Frisian Islands. His Verbreitungsmaxium has the fungus but in the colline ( hill country) and montane zone.
Dissemination
The Grey-green Täubling arrives in Europe and after FY Krieglsteiner in North Africa (Morocco) and North Asia ( Siberia ) before. In Europe its range corresponds to the beech area. The Milchling is everywhere common, where his Mykorrhizapartner, the beech grows. Although the Irish island and Scotland do not belong to the natural range, the fungus is there today through beech plantations a common species, but also in the Hebrides or Southwest Finland ( Åland and Varsinais -Suomi ) you can find the fungus in beech plantations. The northernmost point of its distribution has the fungus in Norway on Trondheimfjörd. Here are also the northernmost, planted beech forests. The southernmost point of its distribution is probably in Sicily, where the beech has its southernmost outpost. The last record from Morocco dates back to 1951, so it is unclear whether the Milchling still exist there today.
The species is widespread in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, and is often there with the most common milk Lingen.
System
Taxonomy
The scientific name of the gray- green milk -form is Lactarius blennius ( Fr 1815 Fr 1821). Fr 1838 he was awarded this by Elias Magnus Fries, who in 1815 described it as Agaricus blennius before him in 1838 in his work " epicrisis systematis mycologici " in the genus Lactarius presented. This was not the first scientific description of the dairy compact. 1794 Heinrich Adolph Schrader had the kind described as Agaricus viridis. The younger Fries name has, according to Article 13 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants priority because fungal names in Fries ' " Systema mycologicum " ( Volume 1 to 3) or in the " Elenchus fungorum " ( Volumes 1 and 2 are called ), are sanctioned and thus towards older names take precedence. Thus, the indication of the author, in which the first abbreviation in the brackets on the " author ", in this case, Fries, and the second name tag on the Saktionierungsautor ( also Frisian ) applies, references in his work " Systema Mycologicum " on its first publication produced. After the clip follows the author who gave the taxon by recombining a new name, so again frieze.
In addition to the currently correct name, all the names that refer to Fries ' first description Agaricus blennius Fr are called nomenclatural synonyms. Nomenclatural synonyms of Lactarius blennius are Galorrheus blennius (Fr.) P. Kumm. and Lactifluus blennius. The name Galorrheus blennius was proposed in 1871 by Paul Kummer, while Lactifluus blennius goes back to a proposal by Otto Kuntze (1891 ). Agaricus viridis Schrad. , Lactarius viridis ( Schrad. ) Quél. (1886 ), Lactarius blennius var viridis ( Schrad. ) Quél. (1888 ) are taxonomic synonyms, since they are indeed in the same way, but not on Fries ' refer first description.
The Latinized Artattribut ( epithet ) " blennius " which is derived from the Greek word blennos ( mucus), is an indication of the very slimy when wet hat skin. The Latin epithet viridis means green or greenish.
Infra Generic Systematics
The Grey-green Milchling provided by Heilmann -Clausen and Basso in the sub-section Pyrogalini Singer, in turn, in the section Glutinosi sources. stands. The representatives of the sub-section have wet, greasy or sticky hats, which are greenish, grayish or brownish in color. Your milk is normally white and stays that way. However, it can easily dry greenish or grayish. The often very small spores are often zebrastreifig ( zebroid ) or more or less ornamented reticular.
Bon represents the gray Green Milchling in the section Vieti. The representatives of the section have slimy to sticky hats. Your milk is gray in the air or brown and discolored on drying the slats. All species are inedible.
The molecular biological data ( rDNA genes ) show that Lactarius blennius is closely related to Lactarius Lactarius fluens and cinerus. The three species, however, are clearly separated from each other and must be considered a separate species. Lactarius cinerus is a North American species that is associated with Fagus grandifolia. The fungus is similar to the two European types in many ways, but is generally considerably smaller and smaller pores. In addition, the molecular biological studies show that the proposed Heilmann -Clausen and Basso subsection Pyrogalini is not monophyletic, but contains species from another section and subsections.
Forms and varieties
The Grey-green Milchling is a very variable species, which is connected by transitional forms with the closely related and even more variable brown spot Ender Milchling (L. fluens ). Sometimes even experts have difficulty to separate the two species. Therefore, German J. Krieglsteiner classified 1999 brown spot ends Milchling as blennius L. var fluens down to the variety of the Grey-green milk -form. As of today (2013 ) the brown stain finish Milchling is considered by most mycologists as an independent species. With the variety Lactarius blennius var viridis ( Schrad. ) Quél. is it just a taxonomic synonym of gray green milk -form ( See Section taxonomy). The Danish mycologist Jakob Emanuel Lange described the following two forms.
Lange described in 1928, this mid-sized form that arose in 1976 J. Blum for the independent type. Today, the mold is placed on Lactarius fluens. The cap is 5-7 cm wide, dirty white, slightly zoned and stained dirty grayish. The form is rare and grows in deciduous forests.
The form that is no longer distinguished from the normal form, was described in 1940 by Lange as follows. The hat is smaller than in the normal form, often only 4-5 cm broad, rather pale, olive -green, with more or less distinct spots. The handle is pretty slim. The format virescens is rarer than the normal form.
Importance
Feed value
While Phillips him as edible when cooked, but classifies as little desirable, other authors evaluate the Grey Green Milchling as inedible or even poisonous. The milk of the dairy compact tastes hot and bitter. In theory, the gray Green Milchling by repeated boiling could make edible, how to do it in Eastern Europe with many sharp -tasting milk Lingen.
Ingredients
The occurrence of sesquiterpenes in Milkcaps has long been known. In this very large group of substances are terpenes with 15 carbon atoms, which are formed from three isoprene units. Sesquiterpenes are indeed typical of the Milkcaps, but they come within the order of Täublingsartigen ( Russulales ) in many genres before. You are responsible for the pungent taste of these mushrooms, but they can also taste bland or bitter.
In the past, several research groups have studied the sesquiterpenes of the gray green Milchling and came to quite different results. Of the total of 16 sesquiterpenes detected only 5 were isolated from more than one workgroup. It is the Lactarane Blennin A, Blennin D, Lactaronifin A and the Secolactaran Blennin C, and the Furanolactaran Furandiol.
One reason for this anomaly could be that the examined fruit bodies of different species or subspecies belonging. Especially likely this is when the species were collected on different continents. Large differences can also be observed when different extra cation methods were used. Many of the isolated compounds in the past, it is likely to be artifacts, since the isolated compounds are very labile and readily react spontaneously on. Artifacts arise particularly when alcohols were used as solvents for storage and extraction. Thus, the results of earlier studies are particularly subject to some uncertainties.
The cytotoxic sesquiterpene aldehydes are likely to chemical defense system of the fungus. They protect the fungus against parasites and predators. In intact and uninjured fruit bodies there seems to be very few sesquiterpenes. Often only a single compound was detected in the gray green Milchling it is probably stearoyl- Velutinal. It is a sesquiterpene esters, in which the terpene with a fatty acid ( stearic acid) is esterified. The esters are in the Lactiferen the Milkcaps and are responsible for ensuring that these can be stained with sulfobenzaldehyde reagents. If the fruit body hurt, they are split into a sesquiterpene aldehyde and fatty acid. Subsequently, the aldehydes is usually more or less rapidly reduced to the alcohol. The reduction is interpreted as a detoxification reaction as the aldehydes are also toxic to the fungus itself. Sesquiterpene aldehydes are also responsible for the pungent taste of the mushrooms, the focus therefore is often first on chewing the fruit body when the ester cleaved and the aldehydes are released.
Blennin A and C are also pharmacologically interesting substances. In cell culture experiments with RBL -1 or PBL cells could be shown that both Blennine have a strong inhibitory effect on leukotriene C4 biosynthesis. Leukotrienes are growth hormones, which are mainly formed by the white blood cells and many inflammatory reaction play an important role. Leukotriene C4 plays an important role in allergic reactions. It also increases capillary permeability, and cause contraction of the bronchi. Therefore, the inhibition of the biosynthesis of an anti-inflammatory effect. The Lactaran sesquiterpene Blennin A was first isolated from Lactarius blennius, but it also occurs in other dairy Lingen and other fungi such as Lentinellus cochleatus.
For the greenish hat color of milk Lings a color pigment is responsible for the Blennion is called. This is a Diphenylquinonderivat which is possibly formed from two 3.6 - Dihydroxyanthranilsäure units.
Swell
- Edmund Garnweidner: GU nature guide fungi. 2nd edition. Grafe and Dead Ringers, Munich, 1987, ISBN 3-7742-2216-9, p 174