Lactarius rufus
Red-brown Milchling ( Lactarius rufus)
The Red-brown Milchling ( Lactarius rufus, syn. L. mollis ) is a common, medium-sized fungus from the family of Täublingsverwandten ( Russulaceae ). Striking are the brick to red-brown and often hunched in the middle hats of the fruiting bodies. Due to the sharp taste, he is considered unfit for human consumption. The species grows in birch, spruce and pine.
- 5.1 Infra Generic Systematics
- 6.1 edibility
- 7.1 Notes and references
Features
Macroscopic characteristics
The hat measures 2-8 sometimes up to 10 inches in diameter and is of dark brick brown, chestnut or reddish brown. He is initially convex and often has a small, pointed hump ( umbo ). Later, however, he becomes shallower and finally he assumes a funnel shape. The surface is dry and dull and smooth to slightly uneven. When moisture it becomes a little sticky, but also shines then barely. The brim is often somewhat lighter colored and sometimes slightly striate. He is smooth and inflected long time.
The moderately crowded lamella are slightly arched, cream and later take the color of the hat on, only paler. You are currently grown on a stick and forked only sporadically. The slats are smooth cutting. The spore powder is creamy white with a light salmon pink tone.
The same color, but slightly lighter stem is often hollow with age. It measures 2.5-6 ( 8) × 0.6-1.2 (1.5 ) cm. The stem surface is young frosted whitish with a shade of pink and all white. Later the handle increasingly discolored orange to brownish. The flesh is whitish and reddish brown under the hat skin and in the stem bark. Just as the white milk, it tastes mild at first, but later very sharp.
Microscopic characteristics
The broadly elliptical spores are 6.8 to 9.5 microns long and 5.3 to 7.4 microns wide. The Q value (ratio of length and spore width) is 1.2-1.4. Spore ornament is up to 0.7 micron high and consists of individual, as well as warts of ribs, which are almost completely reticular connected. The 35-42 microns long and 8-9 microns wide basidia are cylindrical to clavate and usually bear four sterigmata.
The numerous, 28-42 microns long and 7-9 microns wide Cheilomakrozystiden are fusiform to clavate, and truncated at the upper end, or partially drawn out to a tip. The Pleuromakrozystiden are similarly shaped. They are more or less cylindrical to clavate or fusiform and partially have a solid top. They measure 25-60 x 6-10 microns and are not very numerous.
The hat skin is composed are parallel and radial to the hat surface hyphae that are 2-6 microns wide, cylindrical in shape and sometimes irregularly intertwined. Many hyphae are in ascending order, ie at the end bent upward and stand out from the Hyphenverband. Among them are oblong - roundish cells and some interspersed Lactiferen ( milk or juice tubes).
Artabgrenzung
The Red-brown Milchling can be confused by the layman with many other braunhütigen milk Lingen. Typical is the relatively dark, reddish brown hat color and the matte, lusterless hat skin. It is not greasy even in wet weather. Further features are the rare missing small hump ( papilla ) in the Hutmitte, as well as the white, unchanging milk. In addition to the sharp taste, which usually develops slowly, and the coniferous forest site on acid soil is a charakterisitisches feature.
The fruiting bodies of Brown Red dairy compact and the peat moss - milk -form can look very similar, but do not have the typical papilla in the Hutmitte. During the sphagnum Milchling also growing on nutrient-poor, acidic soils, we find the Brown Red Milchling on base -rich soils. The milk of the two fungi is mild to schärflich or bitterly.
Ecology
The Red-brown Milchling like all Milkcaps a mycorrhizal fungus, which enters into a symbiotic partnership mainly with spruce and pine. But you can find him occasionally under white pines, birches and beeches.
The Milchling grows in spruce-beech, spruce-fir and spruce forests and mossy and lichen-rich pine and heath forests or at the edges of intermediate and high moors. It is also found in spruce and pine forests and scattered spruce or pine trees in acidophilous hornbeam and birch - oak mixed forests. The Milchling like acidic, shallow to medium enigmatic soils that are moderately dry to moderately moist. You must be base-and nutrient-poor. Otherwise, they may be clayey, silty, or more or less sandy. In neutral soils, the fungus only grows when they are covered by a thick needle litter edition.
The fruiting body usually appear from August to early November, when the weather permits, you can even find them earlier.
Dissemination
The Red-brown Milchling is in North Asia (Armenia, Siberia, Kamchatka, Japan, Korea), North America (Mexico, USA and Canada, especially in the area around the Great Lakes ) and spread to Greenland and Europe. In Europe, the species is widespread submeridional to boreal, that is, the range extends from the northern Mediterranean region to the northern coniferous forests. In southern Europe it is distributed from Spain to Bulgaria, in Western Europe reaches the circulation area of France, on the Benelux States and England to the north of the Shetland Islands and in the east of Ukraine on Belarus to the Baltic States. In the north it is found throughout Fennoscandia. The milk comes Ling in Central Europe, both in the lowlands as well as in the higher mountains. In the Swiss Central Alps you can still find him at an altitude of 2300 m above sea level with mountain pines. In the Tundrenzone is to boggy sites under bog and dwarf birches a ungebuckelte crafts.
The Milchling is often widespread and widely used in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.
Systematics and Taxonomy
The fungus was first described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli rufus as Agaricus. In 1838, Elias Magnus Fries him, the father of modern mycology, in his work " epicrisis systematis Mycologici " in the genus Lactarius, so he got his currently valid scientific names. The Artattribut ( epithet ) rufus ( Latin: ( fox - ) red) refers to the reddish-brown color of the hat.
Infra Generic Systematics
M. Bon is the auburn Milchling in the section Rufi The representatives of the section have a frosted until fluffy hat skin and a white and abundant milk flowing. The meat is more or less odorless. In M. Basso he stands in the section Colorati. In Heilmann -Clausen of reddish brown Milchling is likewise within the section Colorati, but he separates him in sub-section section Rufini of the other members of the section from.
Importance
Feed value
The Red-brown Milchling is generally considered inedible. In some areas (eg in the Baltic States ), however, it is for a specific treatment ( boiled and marinated ) used and the fungus watchers David Arora noted that the reddish brown Milchling in Scandinavia is eaten as a preserve. Arora also argues that there could be differences in edibility between the North American and European subspecies of this fungus.
When costs of the fungus to determine purposes caution. The delayed effect of milk masked an extremely sharp (perhaps the sharpest ) Milchling.