Lactarius turpis
Olivbrauner Milchling ( Lactarius turpis )
The olive-brown Milchling ( Lactarius turpis, syn. L. plumbeus ( Bull ) or L. necator ), also called Tannenreizker, is a species of fungus in the family Täublingsverwandten. The medium to large Milchling has a first olive-green, then dark brown and very slimy when wet hat. The milk is white and tastes very sharp. The Milchling is widely used in particularly in northern, central and eastern Europe and frequent. He is a mycorrhizal fungus that is associated mainly with birch and spruce. The fungus is true in southern and central Europe as inedible, in Northern and Eastern Europe, however, after appropriate pre-treatment as a popular edible mushroom. The fruiting bodies appear from July to October.
- 7.1 Literature
- 7.2 Notes and references
Features
Macroscopic characteristics
The cap is 6-20 cm wide. He initially has a rolled edge and a slightly depressed center. Its surface is olive-brown or yellowish gray and is often slimy and sticky. Young specimens have velvety zones at the edge. With age, the hat is funnel-shaped and the color gets darker to almost black.
The fins are dirty white with dark spots of dried- milk, which is initially white. The slats are slightly arched.
The stem is about 7 cm long, 3 cm thick and similar to the hat color. He may have slight dimples and is quickly hollow.
The flesh is white and freckig will quickly brown in the air. It shows a purple-violet coloration upon reaction with potassium hydroxide or ammonia. The taste, especially that of milk is bitter, the fungus itself has a barely distinct smell.
Microscopic characteristics
The 5.9 to 8.3 microns long and 5.1 to 6.5 microns wide spores are round to breitelliptisch. The Q value ( length spores / spore width) is 1.1 to 1.4. The spores ornament is up to 0.8 microns high and consists of a few isolated warts as well as ribs, which are mostly connected reticulate. The basidia measure 40-47 x 8-10 microns. They are cylindrical to clavate or bulbous and each bear four sterigmata. The numerous 30-60 microns long and 6-10 microns wide Cheilomakrozystiden are fusiform to pfriemförmig and usually pulled up to a point. The Pleuromakrozystiden have a similar shape, but are less frequently extended at the top. They are 45-70 microns long and 6-11 microns wide and not so numerous. The hat skin consists mostly of lying parallel hyphae, which are 2.5-6 microns wide. In the upper part, however, find many ascending hyphae and between individual Lactiferen. The hyphae are strongly gelatinized. In KOH, the hyphae and the gelatinous mass color burgundy.
Artabgrenzung
The olive-brown Milchling is because of its dark color an easily recognizable style, which can hardly be confused with other milk Lingen. His hat is dark olive green in young fruit bodies and then turns brown black. The edge for a long time remains greenish - yellow. Are you KOH, the hat skin, it turns wine red. Also under the microscope, the gelatinous Huthauthyphen discolor with a 3% KOH solution burgundy. A similar reaction is found in no other European Milchling.
Ecology and phenology
The olive-brown Milchling like all Milkcaps a mycorrhizal fungus, which enters into a symbiotic partnership mainly with spruce and birch. It is the Milchling therefore mainly found in spruce-fir and spruce forests or in the corresponding coniferous forest thinning. The Milchling grows on fresh to moist, base- and nutrient-poor soils. Frequently one finds in on sand, clay and loam soils, which are covered by a dense needle litter and Rohhumusschicht. Under conifers and birches can find the fungus in Luzulo beech forests and strongly abgesauerten and occupied by Sphagnum hollows in woodruff -beech or Luzulo - sessile oak forests. Furthermore you meet him occasionally to bog margins and other water sites.
The fruiting bodies appear from July to the end of October, sometimes you can find on permanent fruiting bodies up into January.
Dissemination
The olive-brown Milchling was detected in Australia, New Zealand, North America (Canada, USA) and North Asia ( Siberia, Kamchatka, Japan and South Korea). However, it is not certain whether the occurrence in Australia and New Zealand are indigenous people, belonging to the natural range of the species. In Europe, the Milchling is common in almost all countries and very frequently in North Central and Eastern Europe. In Germany the kind of Sylt is spread fairly close to the Alps.
Taxonomy
This highly variable fungus demonstrated a widespread phenomenon in mycology, namely a large disagreement in the naming. The three main scientific name
- Lactarius turpis (Fries )
- Lactarius necator ( Bulliard: Fr ) Karsten and
- Lactarius plumbeus (Bull.: Fr ) S. F. Gray
Are usually, but not always, regarded as a synonym for the same type. Necator The specific name and plumbeus were both from Pierre Bulliard as Agaricus necator (1791 ) and Agaricus plumbeus (1793) dominated, but there were and are disagreements about which fungus is meant. The name turpis is the Latin word for " ugly", he was awarded by Johann Anton Weinmann and adopted by Fries in 1838. Plumbeus also refers to the appearance of this milk -form, it is Latin for " livid " for.
Importance
It has been reported that this fungus containing mutagen Necatorin (7- Hydroxycoumaro (5,6- c) cinnoline ), it can therefore not be recommended for consumption. Cook reduces the concentration of the active ingredient, but it is not completely destroyed.
Due to the sharp taste of most Western authors classify the olive-brown Milchling well as inedible or less desirable. However, he was often used after thorough boiling in northern and eastern Europe and Siberia as a spice and is still offered as a salted canned. In Russia and the Baltic countries it is considered a good edible mushroom and one of the best mushrooms for placing in salt.