Maglev

Maglev systems are track guided land transport means that are held by magnetic forces in the balance. Wheels are either not at all or only at low speeds necessary.

• 4.1 beginnings
• 4.2 German Empire
• 4.3 Federal Republic of Germany 4.3.1 Transrapid project in Munich

• 4.6.1 projects

• 7.1 Germany
• 7.2 International

Levitation

In magnetically suspended trains, magnetic fields are used to bring vehicles into a suspended state and thus enable a non-contact and thus friction-free movement along the track.

A distinction

• The electromagnetic levitation system ( electromagnetic suspension, EMS) and
• Electrodynamic suspension system ( electrodynamic suspension, EDS).

For electromagnetically suspended tracks an excited with direct current electromagnet is magnetized, the ferromagnetic material on the other side of an air gap, which causes a force of attraction. Since the attractive process without regulation would be unstable, an active air -gap control must be used here. This requires fast and efficient dynamic schemes is crucial. In order to raise the vehicle by attractive forces, encompasses the Transrapid system, the chassis the road, example Transrapid.

When electrodynamic levitation magnetic fields are generated which cause on the opposite side in non-magnetic electrical conductors, usually aluminum, eddy currents that prevent deeper penetration of the magnetic field, resulting in a repulsive force, JR - Maglev example. EDS is less energy efficient at low and medium speeds. At high speeds, already leads the motion of a uniform exciting field to eddy currents, which reduces the energy consumption of EDS, the leaves rise from EMS.

Both systems can operate with superconducting coils. Both systems can be made more energy efficient through the use of permanent magnets.

Drive types

By type of drive can be divided:

• Recoil- driven and
• Linear motor driven tracks Short stator construction
• Longstator construction

The magnetic levitation technology required for their meaningful use a non-contact horizontal drive. As an environmentally friendly technology for this is only the linear motor in question. Recoil motors are relatively energy inefficient, causing noise and do not allow regenerative braking; they are therefore not built for the same reasons that they have not prevailed on the railroad.

If the long stator linear motor installed as in the roadway, caused both to purchase by the necessary installation of continuous motor windings and by the inefficient operation of a very high cost. A short stator linear motor ( energization of the vehicle, not the travel path ) this brings not with it, but it must be provided for supplying power to a busbar, a diesel engine or the like; also omitted here, since the maximum thrust of the vehicle engine is always the same, the Trassierungsvorteil which the long stator thereby bringing that in along inclined paths more thrust can be installed on flat stretches.

Assessment

Advantages of magnetic levitation

• Especially with electrodynamic (EDS ) longstator construction less drag than trains with pantographs. Thus, at high speeds (up to 500 km / h) quieter and more energy efficient.
• High accelerations, track slopes and delays possible, sets the limit here the well-being and the safety of passengers
• At the same speed much tighter radii of curvature than with conventional railway systems are possible, because a greater elevation of the travel path is permitted. This can be expensive and complex structures such as tunnels and bridges are saved.
• Fahrwegumgreifende designs provide reasonable protection against derailment.
• In the long-stator design, the distance controls the movement of trains. This promotes safe driverless operation shorter units at a faster rate.
• No wear by friction.

Disadvantages of conventional magnetic levitation

• Incompatibility with the existing railway infrastructure.
• Due to the high power requirements for hovering unsuitable for heavy freight and relatively inefficient for slow transport.
• The ` open ' magnetic fields of Langstatorsystems or the busbars of the Kurzstatorsystems close integration into the street level; detached structures are therefore customary course expensive. This makes it difficult to use as a slower transport system.
• Ice and snow -related clearance of the infrastructure required in winter.

In addition, especially in Langstatorsystemen:

• Expensive because the motor extends over the entire travel route.

And Kurzstatorsystemen:

• Because of the necessary energy transfer via pantograph for high speeds unsuitable

History

1914 aroused the French inventor Emile Bachelet in London sensation. In one room, he had one about a meter long, pencil -shaped hollow body floating out of aluminum over a long series of AC solenoids, propelled by single open coil. He wanted to convey with such a system between London and Liverpool letters.

" Emile Bachelet, a Frenchman, invented a web that has no wheels, no tracks, no engine and no engine and travels still 300 miles per hour. In this case, no friction or vibration is generated. In place of the tracks are set up as a trace aluminum blocks, which are interrupted by a gate-like magnets every 7 to 8 meters. About this blocks and under the gates floats a steel cylinder, which has the shape of a zeppelin gondola and represents the actual train. The electromagnetic thread inside the aluminum blocks come when the power of the electric current of the train off and keep it in the air, while the big magnet pulling him forward. "

German Empire

The development of maglev was started in 1922 in the German Reich of Hermann Kemper, who dealt with techniques of electromagnetic lifts. For the electromagnetic levitation of vehicles Hermann Kemper was awarded the Imperial Patent 643 316 on 14 August 1934. It was initially a test track for high speeds in the conversation; this project was not pursued because of the Second World War.

Federal Republic of Germany

In 1967, Stefan Hedrich society for railway engineering innovation, in which researchers and companies dedicated to the advancement of magnetic levitation. In 1973, the physicist and professor Herbert Götz Heidelberg woe from the Technical University of Braunschweig development resumed.

In Germany, the maglev construction and operation order ( MbBO ) regulates the construction and operation of public maglev. The relevant approval regulations are generally regulated maglev Act ( AMBG ). The Federal Railway Authority 's supervisory and licensing authority, as well as in the conventional railway. The Transrapid Test Facility in Emsland subject to the law governing the construction and operation of pilot plants for testing of techniques for guided transport ( SpurVerkErprG ) of 1976. Supervisory authority for this is the Lower Saxony State Agency for Road and Transport ( NLStBV ).

Transrapid project in Munich

In Munich, a maglev train was scheduled between the main station and the airport. The plans were officially abandoned on March 27, 2008.

Switzerland

The SwissRapide Consortium is planning and developing a magnetic levitation train for Switzerland. As a pioneer among major infrastructure projects, it is mostly or even completely funded by private investors. The SwissRapide to long term provide access to the area between Geneva and St. Gallen and embed the towns of Lucerne and Basel. The first projects include the routes from Bern to Zurich, Lausanne, Geneva and Zurich -Winterthur. Is implemented tend to be the first, the distance between Lausanne and Geneva - the earliest in 2020 The SwissRapide based on the Transrapid maglev technology, which since 2004 is in use in Shanghai ( Shanghai Transrapid ). .

An earlier, ambitious future project was Swissmetro, a city network connection for Switzerland. The Swiss Metro AG had to operate the vision of an underground maglev in a partial vacuum tube and thus to connect the major Swiss city centers and airports. First, a distance between Lausanne and Geneva was brought into the conversation. Other possible routes would have been Basel- Zurich and extensions to their airports or Geneva -Lyon. Swissmetro failed due to lack of funding.

Japan

Since 1962, run in Japan research on magnetic levitation. Meanwhile, two systems have been developed: the electro- dynamic floating on superconducting magnets JR - Maglev or Chūō Shinkansen ( long stator, a maximum speed of 500 km / h ) and the electromagnetic floating HSST ( Kurzstatorantrieb, a maximum speed of 100 km / h).

With the Chūō Shinkansen line Tokyo - Nagoya - Osaka is to be realized; the existing 18.4 km long test track in Yamanashi prefecture forms a portion of it.

The HSST wrong since March 2005 under the name Linimo on a nine-kilometer transit line as part of the Expo 2005 east of Nagoya and has promoted 2005, ten million passengers to July.

China

Early 2004, the regular operation of the Transrapid Shanghai was taken as scheduled moderately fastest track-bound vehicle in the world to connect the airport at Pudong. It is a non-contact electromagnetic levitation system (EMS ) with contactless synchronous long-stator linear motor drive.

Projects

Even 2006 should be built in the northern Chinese port city of Dalian, the first developed by Chinese engineers maglev. Project Name: CM1 Dolphin. It is a three -kilometer test track whose development is funded by the port city. Chief Engineer Li Lingqun indicates an operating speed of 220 km / hr. Another system with a speed of 540 km / h in front of the model configuration. The development of the railway in Dalian is half cost as much as a comparable foreign competition system, so perhaps the Transrapid is meant.

There are plans to extend the existing Transrapid line in Shanghai, initially on the Expo 2010 Shanghai Hongqiao old airport (34 km) and beyond to the city of Hangzhou (170 km).

The development of speed records on test runs,

Development

• The South Korean company Rotem consortium is developing a magnetic levitation transport for speeds up to 110 km / h with around 2005 a rail line was to be realized. On 26 September 2010, the groundbreaking ceremony for a 6.1 kilometer route took place at Seoul airport. The completion of the line was planned for 2012 but had not yet done in September 2013. [ Deprecated]
• At the TU Dresden under the name SupraTrans a concept is developed based on the magnetic levitation of a massive superconductor in a permanent magnet field. Due to the principle is even an operating overhead or side of a possible wall. The ceramic superconductor is cooled with inexpensive liquid nitrogen, reducing energy requirements for hovering is kept extremely low.
• Maglev systems are also discussed again and again as starting aids for space vehicles, and such web carrying a rocket, built on a steep hill or a huge ski jump is to be built.
• In May 1998, researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley (California ) as a byproduct of priority -driven flywheel energy storage project a completely new maglev system Inductrack before, the novel by passive arranged in Halbach array room - temperature permanent magnets made of alloys is characterized, and so much more cost effective, energy efficient and economical than any other is magnetic levitation systems. Does the train, he induced by its motion a repulsive magnetic field and floats above the track body. As the EDS JR - Maglev is to be Inductrack equipped with auxiliary wheels and example driven by a propeller or in the more developed Inductrack II with dual Halbach array by electromagnetic pulse. This system will later allow not only more economical but also cost-cutting maglev rocket launchers. NASA studies show that savings by accelerating a large rocket with the help of an advanced Inductrack to Mach 0.8 about 30-40 % rocket fuel and correspondingly increases the payload or the rocket could be reduced.

Completed projects

Germany

• Transrapid 05: 1979 built on the International Transport Exhibition in Hamburg, dismantled after the end of the IVA
• M -Bahn: built in 1983 in Berlin, dismantled in 1992
• Transrapid Test Facility Emsland: 1984 in Lathen taken into operation in 2011 finally closed

Internationally

• Transrapid Shanghai / China
• Test track in Miyazaki / Japan
• Test track in Yamanashi / Japan, see JR - Maglev
• Test track at Tongji University, Jiading Campus, Shanghai / China, see CM1 Dolphin
• Test track Taeduk / South Korea
• Linimo / Japan Expo 2005
• People Mover on the campus of Old Dominion University, Virginia / USA
• People mover between the Daejeon Expo Park and National Science Museum ( Korea) / South Korea
• Incheon Airport Maglev / South Korea, 2013
• Beijing Daitai line S1/China (2014)