Manchu language
- Phonetics and phonology
- Grammar
- Vocabulary
- Examples
- Literature (factory number of speakers is not quoted in full )
Spoken in
30,000 Xibe Speaker ( dialect of Manchu )
- Ural - Altaic (disputed ) Altaic (disputed ) ( Manchu ) Tungusisch Southwest Tungus ( Jurchen - Manchu ) Manchu
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Mnc
Mnc
The Manchurian language ( manju gisun ᠮ ᠠ ᠨ ᠵ ᡠ ᡤ ᡳ ᠰ ᡠ ᠨ ) was spoken by the Manchu and was conceived early and mid- 20th century in the extinction, of which it has not recovered to this day. It belongs to the Manchu - Tungusic languages and is considered a daughter language of the Jurchen language. The today recognized as a national minority Manchus in the People's Republic of China are not talking about Manchu, but Chinese.
Classification
The Manchurian language belongs to the family of the Tungusic languages (also: Manchu - Tungus languages). It is an agglutinative language with vowel harmony ( Tongue - root and labial ) and was written with the Manchurian font, a modified Mongolian alphabet, which in turn goes back to the altuigurische font.
History
Qing Dynasty
Manchu was the language of the court of the Manchu Qing dynasty that ruled China over 1644-1911, but by the end of the 17th century it was barely even spoken on the farm. Official documents, however, were written in Chinese and Manchu until 1911 and many buildings from the Qing Dynasty can be seen Manchu inscriptions.
In 1708 appeared after a decree of the Kangxi Emperor of the Manchu 1673 words mirror ( mandsch. han -i Araha manju gisun -i buleku bithe ᡥ ᠠ ᠨ ᡳ ᠠ ᡵ ᠠ ᡥ ᠠ ᠮ ᠠ ᠨ ᠵ ᡠ ᡤ ᡳ ᠰ ᡠ ᠨ ᡳ ᠪ ᡠ ᠯ ᡝ ᡴ ᡠ ᠪ ᡳ ᡨ ᡥ ᡝ ᠈, Chinese Yù zhì Qīng wén jiàn "御 制 清 文 鉴" ), with approximately 12 000 lemmas. The pronunciation of the Manchurian entries specified with Chinese characters. 1771 appeared the Extended and revised Manchurian words mirror ( "增订 清 文 鉴" ) with 18 671 lemmas, where a translation is always attached to Chinese. The pronunciation of Chinese is indicated on Manchu. 1779 appeared the Trilingual words mirror ( "三 体 清 文 鉴" ) with about 13 000 lemmas in Manchu, Chinese and Mongolian. The entries of all three languages are included pronunciations. To 1794 Four language words mirror ( "四 体 清 文 鉴" ) appeared at around 18 671 lemmas in Manchu, Chinese, Mongolian, and Tibetan. But the entries are not accompanied by phonetic transcriptions. 1794 and the five -language words mirror ( "五 体 清 文 键" ) was created with about 18 671 lemmas in Manchu, Chinese, Mongolian, Tibetan and Tschagataiisch. The Tibetan translations are transliterated into Manchurian and transcribed, the tschagataiischen are rewritten into Manchu.
Knowledge of Manchurian is an essential prerequisite for the study of the Qing Dynasty. Nevertheless, today only learn a few sinologist Manchu.
Modern China
First, the language of the Xibe minority in Xinjiang is a Manchurian dialect, which is very close to the classical Manchu and therefore can be attributed to him under this premise.
In Liaoning Province, has been around since the 80s or at least 90s, some schools certain places a voluntary Manchu lessons for children and adolescents of lower and higher secondary education. This also applies to multiple autonomous counties of the Manchu, for example, in the autonomous district Xinbin (新 宾 满族 自治县/新 宾 满族 自治县) in the administrative area of Fushun City. Initially, since there was a shortage of teachers, were organized teacher training seminars for teachers Manchu in the 80s in Northeast China (Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang ). These efforts make it possible in many places to be able to receive instruction in Manchu, which is associated with a limited renaissance of the Manchu tradition of consciousness and is also supported by some local authorities, such as the county government in Xinbin. While this does not automatically connected that Manchu is back to a used in everyday language, but it may well lead to the knowledge of the Manchu language and writing remains alive on the small circle of Manchu out.
In the last 20-25 years also a wealth of scientific works, including Manchu dictionaries, lexicons, grammars, textbooks for spoken Manchu, etc. were written and published. These appear in Harbin, the journal " Manchu Studies" (满 语 研究/满 语 研究), which deals exclusively with the Manchu - Tungus languages and the Manchurian font.
The situation of the spoken Manchu (without Xibe ) can be represented by the translation of two passages from the introduction of the book Xiandai Manyu babai ju:
" Across the country [meaning China ] concentrate, apart from a few people old age in the provinces of Liaoning and Jilin, which can still speak some simple Manchurian, the Manchu speaking Manchu mainly in the north of Heilongjiang Province in the catchment area of the Heilong Jiang [ Amur ] and in the southwest [ Heilongjiang Province ] in the catchment area of the Nen Jiang [ Nonni ]. "
" After its peculiarities, it can be roughly divided into three dialects [ ...] [ today's spoken Manchurian ]: the Manchu in Sanjiazi in Fuyu County (富裕县 三家 子/富裕县 三家 子), the Manchu in Dawujiazi in the city of Heihe ( 黑河 市 大 五 家子) and the Manchu in Daxingcun in a circle Tailai (泰来 县 大兴 村/泰来 县 大兴 村). "
While this is now out of date and many of the old people who still spoke Manchu in the 80s and 90s, should now be deceased; but the strong scientific interest along with the regular visits of anthropologists, linguists and narrative researchers may have also led to have gained interest in speaking of the Manchurian again in these three villages, the younger generations (ie people under 70), as well as many Manchu in other urban areas of the Manchu also.