Manilkara

Breiapfelbaum ( Manilkara zapota )

Manilkara is a genus of flowering plants in the family of Sapotengewächse ( Sapotaceae ). It is widespread in the tropics. Some species of wood, the latex and / or the fruits is used as a fruit. Some species such as Manilkara gonavensis in Haiti and Manilkara spectabilis in Costa Rica are at risk of extinction, other species are threatened and are on the Red List of endangered species in the IUCN.

  • 5.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

Manilkara species grow as trees and shrubs. They contain latex. The bark is woolly haired or bald.

The alternate often standing at the ends of the branches in rosette-like tufts of leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The leathery leaf blades are simply rounded to wedge-shaped base and a blunt to tapered at the top. The leaf surfaces are hairy or bald. There are usually numerous parallel, lateral veins inconspicuous available. There are either no stipules present or they fall off early.

Generative features

The long-stemmed flowers are in fascicles or rarely singly in leaf axils or at leafless nodes. The hermaphrodite flowers are mostly radial symmetry and mostly ternate. There are two unequal circles ever usually three, rarely two ( in one species ) or four sepals present; they are outside often densely hairy. The usually six petals are fused Roehrig at its base and each petal ends apparently deeply -lobed but has two appendages. The six fertile stamens are relatively short and put on the top of the corolla tube. The dust bag is relatively short having a length of about 1.5 mm. The fertile stamens alternate with the six bare, kronblattähnlichen, erect or incurved staminodes or other rare fertile stamens. Six to 14 carpels are fused to a bald or frequently fluffy hairy, upper continuous, six - to 14 - chambered ovary.

The bare, ellipsoidal to more or less spherical, fleshy berry contain one or more (up to ten) seeds. The laterally flattened ( brown ) seeds contain abundant endosperm. The hilum is linear.

Dissemination

The genus Manilkara is widespread in the tropics. They come from Florida through Mexico, central America and the Caribbean to South America, and in Asia, Africa and Madagascar, as well as on the Pacific islands. About 15 species occur in Africa. In North America only come two ways, both only in Florida before.

System

The genus Manilkara was erected in 1763 by Michel Adanson in Familles des Plantes ( Adanson ), 2, pp. 166, 574. Type species is Manilkara kauki (L.) Dubard .. Synonyms for Manilkara Adans. are: Achras L., Chiclea Lundell, Eichleria Hartog, Mahea Pierre, Manilkariopsis ( Gilly ) Lundell, Mopania Lundell, Murianthe ( Baill. ) Aubrév, Muriea Hartog, Murieanthe ( Baill. ) Aubrév, nispero Aubrév, Northiopsis Kaneh. .. ., sapota Mill, Shaferodendron Gilly, Stisseria Scop., Synarrhena fish. & CAMey .. The genus Manilkara belongs to the tribe Sapoteae in the subfamily within the family Sapotaceae Sapotoideae.

The genus Manilkara includes ( depending on the author about 50 to ) about 80 kinds:

  • Manilkara Adolfi - Friederici ( Engl & K.Krause ) HJLam
  • Bequaertii Manilkara ( De Wild. ) H.J.Lam
  • Balatabaum ( Manilkara bidentata ( A.DC. ) A.Chev. )
  • Manilkara boivinii Aubrév.
  • Manilkara bolivarensis T.D.Penn.
  • Manilkara butugi Chiov.
  • Manilkara capuronii Aubrév.
  • Casteelsii Manilkara ( De Wild. ) H.J.Lam
  • Manilkara cavalcantei Pires & Rodr. ex T.D.Penn.
  • Manilkara celebica H.J.Lam
  • Manilkara chicle ( Pittier ) Gilly
  • Manilkara concolor ( Harv. ) Gerstner
  • Manilkara dardanoi Ducke
  • Manilkara dawei ( Stapf ) Chiov.
  • Manilkara decrescens T.D.Penn.
  • Manilkara discolor ( Sond. ) J.H.Hemsl.
  • Manilkara dissecta ( L. F. ) Dubard
  • Manilkara doeringii ( Engl & K.Krause ) H.J.Lam
  • Manilkara dukensis ( Engl & K.Krause ) H.J.Lam
  • Manilkara elata ( Allemão ex Miq. ) Monach.
  • Manilkara excelsa ( Ducke ) Standlschmaus.
  • Manilkara excisa ( Urb. ) HJLam: It is an endemic species of tropical karst that cockpit karst is called in Jamaica. It was at the 1998 IUCN = as " Endangered " classified " high risk ".
  • Manilkara fasciculata ( Warb. ) HJLam & Maas Geest.
  • Manilkara fischeri ( Engl ) H.J.Lam
  • Manilkara fouilloyana Aubrév. & Pellegr.
  • Manilkara frondosa ( Hiern ) H.J.Lam
  • Manilkara gonavensis ( Urb. & Ekman ) Gilly ex Cronquist: This species is little known. She was found in Haiti. It was at the 1998 IUCN = as " Critically Endangered " classified " critically endangered ".
  • Manilkara hexandra ( Roxb. ) Dubard: It is native to China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Nepal, India and Sri Lanka. It is cultivated in some countries.
  • Manilkara Hoshinoi ( Kaneh. ) P.Royen
  • Manilkara huberi ( Ducke ) Standlschmaus.
  • Manilkara ilendensis ( Engl ) H.J.Lam
  • Manilkara inundata ( Ducke ) Ducke
  • Manilkara jaimiqui ( C.Wright ex Griseb. ) Dubard: With four subspecies in Florida, the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles.
  • Manilkara kanosiensis H.J.Lam & B.Meeuse
  • Manilkara kauki (L.) Dubard
  • Manilkara koechlinii Aubrév. & Pellegr.
  • Manilkara kribensis ( Engl ) H.J.Lam
  • Manilkara kurziana H.J.Lam & B.Meeuse
  • Manilkara le- testui Aubrév. & Pellegr.
  • Manilkara letouzei Aubrév.
  • Manilkara littoralis (short ) Dubard
  • Manilkara longifolia ( A.DC. ) Dubard
  • Longistyla Manilkara ( De Wild. ) C.M.Evrard
  • Manilkara lososiana Kenfack & Ewango
  • Manilkara mabokeensis Aubrév.
  • Manilkara maxima T.D.Penn.
  • Manilkara mayarensis ( Ekman ex Urb. ) Cronquist: It is endemic to the eastern part of Cuba. It was at the 1998 IUCN = as " Endangered " classified " high risk ".
  • Manilkara microphylla Aubrév. & Pellegr.
  • Manilkara mochisia ( Baker) Dubard
  • Manilkara multifida T.D.Penn.
  • Manilkara napali P.Royen
  • Manilkara nicholsonii A.E.van Wyk
  • Manilkara obovata (Sabine & G.Don ) J.H.Hemsl.
  • Manilkara paraensis ( Huber) Standlschmaus.
  • Manilkara pellegriniana Tisser. & Sillans
  • Manilkara perrieri Aubrév.
  • Manilkara pleeana (Pierre ex Baill. ) Cronquist
  • Manilkara pobeguinii Pierre ex Dubard
  • Manilkara pubicarpa Monach.
  • Manilkara roxburghiana ( Wight ) Dubard
  • Manilkara rufula ( Miq. ) H.J.Lam
  • Manilkara sahafarensis Aubrév.
  • Manilkara salzmannii ( A.DC. ) H.J.Lam
  • Manilkara samoensis H.J.Lam & B.Meeuse
  • Manilkara sansibarensis ( Engl ) Dubard
  • Seretii Manilkara ( De Wild. ) H.J.Lam
  • Manilkara sideroxylon ( Griseb. ) Dubard
  • Manilkara smithiana H.J.Lam & Maas Geest.
  • Manilkara spectabilis ( Pittier ) Standlschmaus. She is known only from a single location near Limón in Costa Rica and since this lowland rainforest was destroyed weitghend at the 1998 IUCN = as " Critically Endangered " was classified as " critically endangered ".
  • Manilkara staminodella Gilly
  • Manilkara suarezensis Aubrév.
  • Manilkara subsericea ( Mart. ) Dubard
  • Manilkara sulcata ( Engl ) Dubard
  • Manilkara sylvestris Aubrév. & Pellegr.
  • Manilkara triflora ( Allemão ) Monach.
  • Manilkara udoido Kaneh.
  • Manilkara valenzuelana ( A.Rich. ) TDPenn. It occurs in Cuba and Hispaniola. A place of origin from Costa Rica is not secured.
  • Manilkara vitiensis ( H.J.Lam & Olden ) B.Meeuse
  • Breiapfelbaum ( Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen ): She is originally distributed from Mexico to Central America, but is now also found in Florida and the Caribbean Islands.
  • Manilkara zenkeri Lecomte ex Aubrév. & Pellegr.

Use

For example celebica Manilkara, Manilkara fasciculata, hexandra Manilkara, Manilkara kanosensis supply timber, the sawo under the name (ID), Sawah (MY), duyok - duyok (PH), sner (PG), khayah rgn (MM) is traded. It is not protected by CITES regulations. The dense and hard wood is processed to bridge piles, wheel spokes, posts, railway sleepers etc..

Non- elastic rubber is obtained from the milky juice of some Manilkara species. The extract from the seeds was used as anthelmintic and Ophthalmics.

Swell

  • Henri Alain Liogier: Descriptive Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands. Volume 4, La Editorial, 1995, ISBN 9780847723379, pp. 141-144. Google -book online.
  • Shugang Li & TD Pennington: Sapotaceae in the Flora of China: Volume 15, 1996, p 206: Manilkara - Online. ( Description section )
  • Richard P. Wunderlin & R. David Whetstone: Manilkara in the Flora of North America: Volume 8, 2009, p 234: Online. ( Description section )
  • Kamal Akhter Malik: Manilkara in the Flora of Pakistan: Online. ( Description section )
  • FK Kupicha: Sapotaceae in Flora Zambesiaca, Volume 7, 1983, Manilkara - Online.
Asterids Ovary (botany) West Indies Oriente Province Agricultural Research Service
544373
de