Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo y Costilla y Gallaga Moon Arte Villaseñor (* May 8, 1753 at the Hacienda de Corralejo at Pénjamo in the state of Guanajuato; † 30 July 1811 in Chihuahua ) was a Mexican priest, scholar and revolutionary.
Life
Miguel Hidalgo was born on 8 May 1753, the second of four children of Creoles Cristóbal Hidalgo and Ana María Gallaga. He spent his childhood on the estate of San Diego Corralejo. The first blow was his mother's death in 1762, when he was barely eight years old. A few months later married his father Jerónima Ramos, and the children from his first marriage moved to her maternal great-uncle over, the pastor of Coenes. The great-uncle was responsible for the education of children and sent Hidalgo in 1765 with 12 years at the College of San Nicolas at Valladolid, now Morelia. During his studies he worked intensively with the revolutionary ideas of his famous teacher, Francisco Javier Clavijero, the author of the first history of Mexico and representatives of the new national movement, which should play an important role in the liberation struggle.
In 1770 he completed the study of the liberal arts and left the college at which he had received on account of his sagacity and knowledge of the nickname " Zorro " (Spanish for fox ). At the age of 20 he went to Mexico City in 1773 and where she earned a degree in philosophy and theology. In 1778 he was ordained a priest.
In 1785 he returned to Valladolid, and was appointed professor of theology and later rector of the university. One month after the appointment, he was accused of heresy by the Inquisition and had to resign from the Rector and assume the duties of a parish priest in Colima, where he arrived on 24 March 1792.
At the same time left his partner Manuela Hidalgo Ramos Pichardo, who had given him two children. In Colima, he continued his studies after and turned his interests to the events in America and Europe, where he worked intensively with the ideas of the encyclopedist and the Freemasons.
In 1793 he took over the parish in San Felipe Torresmochas, where he remained until 1800, when he was suspended as a result of the ongoing process since 1780. It succeeded Hidalgo, to free themselves through several trips to Mexico City from the allegations.
In 1803 he was appointed with 50 years as pastor of the affluent community Dolores. With the considerable revenue 8000-9000 pesos a year, he was able to transfer his duties in the parish to the priest Francisco Iglesias, and devoted to his main interest, the study and promotion of the economic community. At his own expense he built workshops for pottery and tannery, introduced beekeeping and silkworm, planted vines for wine production and olive groves. He also founded an orchestra and a theater, were listed in the translated works of him by Molière and Racine.
His outspoken criticism of the church led to his denunciation by his vicar, after which a new heretics process was initiated, but was discontinued after a short time. His scientific knowledge made him the most famous scholars throughout Michoacán.
In 1806, on one of his trips to Mexico City, Hidalgo joined a lodge of Freemasons.
In 1808 he joined a secret society, the " Guadalupanos " who had set itself the goal to free Mexico from Spanish rule. The copyright holder of this secret society were Ignacio María Allende San Miguel el Grande, Juan Aldama and Mariano Abasolo. Allende Hidalgo made during his visits to Dolores familiar with the ideas of the Secret Society. However, while Allende supported the monarchy, Hidalgo showed strong sympathy for a republic modeled after the United States.
The plan of the secret society was, on a day to arrest all Spaniards and establish a national government. If the plan failed, they wanted to solicit the help of the United States or France. The day of the uprising October 1, 1810 has been set.
In an experiment on 13 September, to recruit members of the garrison of Guanajuato, the plan of the secret was betrayed to the garrison commander. Then the conspirators to be arrested. However, when simultaneously the Corregidor of Queretaro were informed of the project, succeeded his wife - the later national hero of Mexico, Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez - to inform the mayor, who rode immediately to San Miguel to warn the conspirators.
At dawn on 16 September, the conspirators came to the conclusion to start a revolution. Hidalgo had the church bells ringing to call the congregation to fight, while Allende and Aldama went to the prison to free the prisoners. On the threshold of the Church of Dolores Hidalgo called for a crusade against the Spanish occupiers and first collected about 600 people around.
Within a few days he had taken the cities of Celaya and San Miguel El Grande nonviolent. In Guanajuato, it came to the first battle with entrenched in the granary Alhóndiga de Granaditas royalist troops, which could be defeated but. A month later, he had also taken Guadalajara. On January 17, 1811 his army of Félix María Calleja was defeated in the battle of Puente de Calderón near Guadalajara despite large majority of the disciplined Spanish troops. Hidalgo was taken a little later captured, interrogated by the Spanish Inquisition, condemned to death and executed. His head was issued for ten years in a cage together with those of Allende, Aldama and José Mariano Jiménez at a respective corner of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas.
Commemoration
After the founding of the Republic of Mexico 1824 September 16, the day on which Hidalgo called for a crusade, National was.
After Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, the Mexican state of Hidalgo, the town of Dolores Hidalgo, the football stadium Estadio Hidalgo Pachuca CF as well as the asteroid 944 Hidalgo were named. Mexico coined several times a coin with his portrait.
Swell
- Chávarri, Juan, N.: Historia de la guerra de Independencia. Mexico 1961.