Mingrelian grammar

This article describes the grammar of Mingrelian ( megrelischen ) language (self- designation: margaluri nina ). The few written sources about this language are incomplete and sometimes even contradictory, perhaps they refer also implied in different dialects; dubious statements are therefore marked by question marks in the following.

2.1 case and number
2.2 congruence 2.2.1 subject and object
2.2.2 subject and verb
2.2.3 Attributes to a noun

2.4.1 cardinal numbers
2.4.2 ordinals

2.5.1 Personal pronouns
2.5.2 demonstrative

3.1 verb classes
3.2 affixes 3.2.1 Affirmative and negative
3.2.2 subject and object
3.2.3 Versionalisierer and series marking
3.2.4 causative
3.2.5 imperfect
3.2.6 subjunctive
3.2.7 conditional
3.2.8 Suffigiertes passive

3.3.1 Breakdown in TAMs
3.3.2 Use of single Screeves

3.4.1 participles
3.4.2 Verbal Nouns

5.1 interrogative sentences
5.2 adjuncts
5.3 Subordinate clauses 5.3.1 Konzessivsätze
5.3.2 Causal Sets
5.3.3 substitutive sets
5.3.4 conditionals
5.3.5 finales
5.3.6 Temporalsätze
5.3.7 Adverbialsätze
5.3.8 Komplementsätze and indirect speech
5.3.9 Relative Clauses

6.1 declination
6.2 conjugation 6.2.1 TAM I
6.2.2 TAM II
6.2.3 case of subject and object
6.2.4 Screevetabelle

Phonology

The Mingrelian is no written language. It can be written with the Georgian alphabet plus some additional letters ( for example, ' j', derived from ' l'). Furthermore, there are different types of transcription in Latin characters, some of which are based on those for other Caucasian languages; especially the overrides for sibilants and semivowels differ substantially. Some variants are included below in parentheses.

The emphasis is usually on the first syllable of a word.

Consonants

The most frequent consonants are R, N, K, M, D, T, S, SH, l, g
Y may be in some transcriptions for [j ] while j is then available for [ dʒ ].

Aspirates and ejectives

Voiceless plosives and affricate are either aspirated or ejektiv ago. Ejectives are the only sounds of Mingrelian that do not occur in English. They will talked with additional vocal fold closure; before a vowel the vocal fold closure is clear, so to speak than to hear a brief interruption between consonant and vowel. The vocal fold closure is characterized by a trailing apostrophe (' ), sometimes by a point above or below the respective letter.

Aspirated Ejektiv p [ ph ] p ' [ p' ] t [ th] t ' [t '] k [ kh ] k ' [k '] ts [ tsh ] ts ' [ ts' ] ( other transcriptions: c, 3) tsh [ tʃh ] tsh ' [ tʃ '] ( other transcriptions: č, ç ) The sound q ' [ χ '] is the ejective counterpart to x. Other consonants

The transcription used here a few characters are spoken differently than in the IPA: The glottal stop [ ˀ ] is reproduced below with '. He stands before vowels and often word-initially.
G ' [ γ ] (Other transcriptions: G, G, γ ) stands for the voiced counterpart of x; it sounds like a German potato -R, while r is spoken as rolled [r ].
X [ χ ] ( other transcription: h ) corresponds to the German ach - sound.

Sh [ ʃ ] (Other transcriptions: š ş ) stands for the German sch- sound.
Zh [ ʒ ] (Other transcriptions: ž, j, ʒ ) is like ' j' in 'Journal ' spoken.
Dz [ dz ] ( other transcription: z ') is the voiced counterpart to ts, such as ' ds spoken ' in ' round room '.
Dzh [ dʒ ] (Other transcriptions: c, ǯ, ǰ ) as ' dsh ' spoken ' jungle '.

Consonant clusters

Of particular need are long accustomed consonant clusters:

With more than 2 consonants the order liquidation Dental / Palatal Velar / uvular Labiodental applies.
For the addition of prefixes, this rule does not apply, so that here also exist other compounds.
The consonants m, n, l, r are never syllabic.

Vowels

Mingrelian knows the five basic vowels a, e, i, o, u, and in addition ə ( schwa ), but which is found only in the north- western dialect (?); at the end of a word it is often not pronounced.

I, o, u are more closed [i, o, u ] e also comes open before as [ ε ].
The long vowels [a: e:, u: ] (?) That occur in the north-western dialect, are indicated by double letters ( in a different notation by over -written ¯ ), but have no phonemic status.
I and u ( [j ], [ w] ) are spoken before a vowel as semi-vowels; uu however termed long [u: ].

Sound Clips for phonology: see Related links

Nominal parts of speech and declination

Deklinierbare speech in Mingrelian are: nouns, verbal nouns, adjectives, participles, pronouns.
Mingrelian has no items. As a replacement to the number word art- i " one" or a demonstrative are (see below).
In Mingrelian no genera are distinguished, even at personal pronouns.

Case and number

Mingrelian has a system of 9 case for which there are sometimes different names.

Superscript sounds are just right after a consonant.
Lute in parentheses are optional.
The emphasis can with consonant endings auslautende be enhanced by -i or schwa (eg k'otshkə " the man ").
The dative ending- s merges with a consonantal root, depending on its final position, for example: k'otsh -i " man " > k'ots / k'os " ( the ) man " dud -i "head" > mode " ( the ) head ".

The Pluralinfix -ep (which according to a number word is not necessary ) is inserted between the stem and the case ending, and it comes in some case to assimilations:

Ergative: -e ( n ) k
Dative -e ( n ) s,- ent

(?) Stammauslautendes - l, which has fallen in the relevant nouns in the singular, is inserted again in the plural. Therefore: skua / xe " son / Manual" > skualepi / xelepi " sons / hands ", etc.

Congruence

Subject and object

Mingrelian is an advanced split- ergative language. Depending on where you Screeve a finite verb is, agent, etc. patientive appear in different case (for details see the section ' Screeves ').

Assignment according to Tuite:

At a finite verb comprises a maximum of three noun phrases: # NP1: as subject ( agent, source, subject, patientive ) # NP2: about indirect object ( the addressee, recipient, experiencer, Bene factor) # NP3: as direct object ( undergoer, target, instrument) NP1 NP2 NP3 TAM I, IV nominative dative dative TAM II ergative dative nominative TAM III *** nominative *: Nominative verbs in the 1st and 3rd class, otherwise dative **: Can be captured by a postposition Assignment by Rostovtsev - Popiel:

TAM I, IV TAM TAM II III A conjugation subject ( v ) nominative ergative dative Object (m ) dative nominative dative Conjugation B subject ( v ) nominative ergative dative Conjugation C subject ( v ) nominative nominative ergative Conjugation D Cause ( v ) nominative nominative ergative Experiencer (m ) → ← Dating Subject and verb

For the subject- verb agreement for a number word applies:

If the Pluralinfix omitted, the verb is usually singular.
If the Pluralinfix used the verb is very rare in the singular.

When an inanimate plural subject, the verb is singular (eg dzhalepi kotsh'ans ( tree -PL- NOM are: 3.SG ) " are the trees ").

(?) If there are several verbs to a plural subject (also animated ), the first of them also are in the singular. Apparently the Number disagreement is related to the notion of topicality.

Attributes into a noun

In Mingrelian there Gruppenflexion: Only the last word in a string of nouns and nominal attributes receive case endings, while the preceding attributes are in the nominative case.
Partial is even the antecedent unmarked nominative, if an attribute is adjusted (eg tshxom -i tsh'itsh'ek (fish - NOM small - ERG) " a little fish ").
Trailing genitive often congruent with the Bezugssusbtantiv (eg k'eteba - s' ude -shi -s (construction -DAT house -GEN -DAT ) " the / construction of the house " )

Adjectives

Adjectives are declined like nouns ( but see the section 'attribute to a noun '). Derivatives from adjectives do not include comparative forms; the formation of adverbs is commonly created from the Adverbialis or dative:

Positive: mangar -i "strong", tshkar -i "fast" Adverb: mangar -o "on strong way," tshkar -as "soon" utsha "black" > mo - utsh -e " blackish " pay

Cardinal numbers

1 art- i 2 zhir -i 3 sum -i 4 otx -i 5 Xut -i 6 amshv -i 7 shkvit -i 8 (b) RuO 9 tshxoro 10 viti 11 vit -a -art- i 20 EtSH -i 30 EtSH -do -vit (i ) (20 and 10) 40 zhar -n- EtSH -i ( 2 times 20) 50 zhar -n- EtSH -do -vit (i) ( 2 times 20 and 10) 60 Sume -n- EtSH -i (3 times 20) 70 - sume n- EtSH -do -vit ( i) (3 times 20 and 10) 80 otxo -n- i - EtSH ( 4 times 20) 90 otxo -n -do -vit EtSH (i) ( 4 times 20 and 10) 100 osh -i 200 zhir - osh -i 300 sum - osh -i 400 otx - osh -i 500 Xut - osh -i 600 ansh - osh -i 700 shkvit - osh -i 800 bru - osh -i 900 tshxor - osh -i 1,000 antas -i 10,000 vit - antas -i 100,000 osh - antas -i ordinals

1 p'irveli " the first" Second ma - zhir -a ", the second, another " 3 ma - sma 4 ma - otx - ani 5 ma - Xut -a 6 ma - MSHV -a 7 ma - shkvit -a 8 ma ( b ) ruo 9 ma - tshxor -a 10 ma -vit -a 20 ma - EtSH -a pronoun

Personal pronouns

More often than mu are the demonstrative pronouns; (?) Mu can also " what? ". imply
The second personal plural tkva "they" used as a polite form of address.

Demonstrative pronoun

For demonstrative is between Nahdeixis (which evinced is close to the speaker, " this here " ) or Ferndeixis (which is evinced further away, " that there" ) distinguished.
The pronoun is the Nahdeixis ena that the Ferndeixis ina (plural: inepi ).
The emphasis of both can be expanded: ena > tena > atena, ina > tina > etina.
Other variants are e ( ergative ek ) and te / ti "is that ". Declination from tena: tenak, Tenas, tenash ...
Declension of atena: atek, ates, Ateshi ...; atenepi, atenenk, atenens, atenepishi ...

Conjugation

Mingrelian is a split ergative language with the peculiarity that no distinction is made between transitive and intransitive verbs. The ergative as a subject that is still only serves as aorist marker.

Verb classes

Assignment according to Tuite:

Class A: 1st conjugation (usually transitive )
3rd conjugation (medial verbs, verbs atelischer activity, usually intransitive verbs)

Class P: second conjugation Verbs with prefix ( Vorwurzelvokal i/e- )
Verbs with suffix ( suffix -n / d)
Usually inchoative roots ( unlabeled)

Assignment by Rostovtsev - Popiel:

Class A: Transitiva eg bxant'unk " I paint ", vashenenk " I build "
Class B: most active intransitive eg vmushenk " I work ," vibirk " I sing "
Class C: mostly inactive intransitive eg Vorek " I am," bg'uruk " I die ", voxek " I am sitting "
Class D: Affective verbs eg mok'o " I want," mio'rs " I love," matsiens " I have cold"

Affixes

In Mingrelian numerous affixes in a fixed sequence can group a verb root around; there is in principle no insignificant element for vacancies. In the following list the verb root is denoted by '0 ', the prefixes with negative suffixes with positive numbers:

Affirmative -5 / negation -4 preverb -3 Imperfektivierendes preverb -2 Subject / object -1 Versionalisierer 0 root 1 causative 2 Inchoatives passive 3 Series marking 4 imperfect 5 subjunctive 6.7 subject 8 conditional Affirmative and negative

From the Mingrelian words ko "yes" and var "no" Affirmative and Negationspräfixe are derived, which are at position -5.

The Affirmativpräfix ko -k (u / i / ə / a / e) - before and has the following tasks: Aspect / time (eg sxap'uns "jumps" > ko - sxap'uns " will jump " )
Contact or separation (eg ga - mk'osxap'u " jumped down from Y " > ki- mk'asxap'u " jumped to Y")
Number disagreement (eg uts'u " X told Y ( plural) Z" > k- uts'u " X told Y (singular ) Z")
Deictic importance of Folgepräfixes and evidential significance in stative verbs (eg muto - re " is here," mito - re " is there " > ki- mto - re " is proven to be ...")
Communicative status (eg Mortu " came " > ku - Mortu " was really " )
Discourse coherence (eg ... do Mortu " ... and came " > ... do ku - Mortu ... " ... and came ... " - a continuation is required " )

Negationspräfix comes va, ve, vu before in the forms. Frequently one finds va / ve written as a separate word (eg, . B. vamortu = va Mortu " he did not ").

Both come in a case before together, such as va- ku - Mortuo? "How is it that X did not come ( to )? ".

Subject and object

Personal prefixes are in position -2, personal suffixes in position 6 or 7 ( plural marker). The subject is identified by the following suffixes and prefixes:

V appears assimilated as b / p / p ' -

The object also gets Personalaffixe:

OBJECT 1st person 2nd person Singular m- g/r- m- appears assimilated as b / p / p ' - g appears assimilated as k ' (?) For an object in the plural also the plural marker -t shall be additional (? , And / or -an/es ).

It should be noted:

He never come more than 2 staff characters simultaneously before the same root.
Subject and object are different ( gxant'unk eg, the subject ending- k, the singular applies to the 1st and 2nd person, the form can only mean " I paint you" ).
The forms are not always clear and must be supported by personal pronouns if necessary, especially since the plural marker -t on subject and / or object can relate.

Versionalisierer and series marking

The Versionalisierer ( -a/i/o/u- ) is right in front of the verb root, the series marker ( -an/en/in/un- ) at position 3 Both perform various tasks:

Neutral: - tsh'ar -un -s " X writes [ something ] " Local: o- tsh'ar -un -s " X writes [ his signature ] on [ something ] " ( dative ) Subjective: I tsh'ar -un -s " X writes something to / for themselves" Lens: u - tsh'ar -un -s " X writes something to / for Y" Passive: I tsh'ar -u ( n ) "it is written " Potentialis: i- tsh'ar -e ( n ) " can be written " Rel Passive: a- tsh'ar -u ( n ) "it is written from ( for? ) X" Rel potentialis: a- tsh'ar -e ( n ) " can be written from ( for? ) X" The series tag is available only in TAM I. Therefore:

Aorist: tsh'ar -u " he / she wrote" Opt: tsh'ar -as " he / she may write " Conditional II: tsh'ar -u- k'on "(? ) " etc. causative

The Kausativsuffix, immediately after the verb root, the Kausativobjekt is in the dative case.

The causative active expresses an initiative of:

O- tsh'ar - apu - to -s " he / she can write helps to write " o- tsh'ar - apu - -u " he / she was writing, helped to write " u - tsh'ar - apu - to -s " he / she can write for Z, helps to write for Z" I tsh'ar - apu - to -s " he / she can write for help to write for " Vano Ninos gantsxadebas otsh'arapuans ( Vano: NOM Nino: DAT petition: Write DAT: leaves ) " Vano Nino can sign a petition " The causative passive is also used for deliberate acts:

A- tkual - apu apu - " he / she can not tell other than to say it / " a- tkual - apu - apu - you ", he / she could not help but to tell " preterite

The suffix of the past tense is -d ( position 4):

- tsh'ar " write ": tsh'ar -un- d -u " he / she writes " subjunctive

The subjunctive has the suffix -a ( position 5):

- tsh'ar " write ": tsh'ar -as " he / she should write, that he / she writes " p- tsh'ar -at "let us write, that we write " conditional

Common suffix of the conditional forms is - k'on ( position 8; emerged from the Debitivpartikel ok'o ):

- tsh'ar " write ": tsh'ar -un- d -u- k'on " he / she would write " Suffigiertes passive

A suffigiertes passive -d - is the limited presence of " enlighten " eg- tan - > go -tan -du " it was light ," tsh'ita > tsh'ito -nd- " be red ", " red " > go - tsh'iton - you " he / she / it was red ."

Times, aspects and modes

A subdivision in times, aspects and modes in Mingrelian (and other Caucasus languages) does not make sense. Instead, a system consisting of 21 ' Screeves '. The Screeves be in 4 Tense - aspect modes groups ( TAMs ) divided (depending on in which a TAM Screeve is included, are subject and direct object in different case ).

Breakdown in TAMs

TAM I: Present [ PRES ] Imperfect [ IMPF ] Habitualis [ HAB ] Subjunctive [ SUBJ ] I present / (?) Futur Conditional [ COND ] I present / (?) Imperfect / (?) Futur Futur [ FUT ] (?) Imperfect / Perfect TAM II: aorist [ AOR ] Subjunctive II ( opt [ OPT ] ) conditional II TAM III: Resultativ [RES ] 1 (= perfect) Resultativ 2 (= past perfect tense? ) subjunctive III conditional III TAM IV: Resultativ 3 Resultativ 4 subjunctive IV conditional IV (For a complete conjugation table below in the examples. )

Use of individual Screeves

An imperative does not exist, the aorist is used instead:

Dzhgiro ORDAT! (good ADV waiting ) " Fare you well; ! Goodbye! " With the Resultativ or Evidentialis the speaker expresses that he has not experienced an event, but it it only by narrative or by the hand lying Results knows something:

Osurs buneba uxant'u (s) (Woman: DAT landscape: NOM painted: has ) " The woman obviously has painted the landscape " The habitualis stands for recurring treatments, and he is always the consequence set for a counterfactual conditional:

( mudrosət ) tina tshkinda kimishu -n, kind suratis doxant'undu ( (if ) those us: ALL comes: HAB - KJ, a picture paints DAT: HAB ) " Every time she came to see us, they painted a picture " gog'a tik ts'erili dotsh'aruk'on, amdg'a mibg'endit ( that letter yesterday: NOM wrote: would: COND.II, today we: received: HAB ) " If he had yesterday written to the / a letter, we would get it today " Infinite forms

Participles

Present participle active: Affixes: ma - -al/ar/u/endzhi/e, mo - u - For example: ma - tsh'ar -al- i " write ", ma - xant' -al- i " painting ".
Past participle passive: Affixes: -il/ir/el/er/ul, na - -a/i/e/endzhi/dzha For example: na - tsh'ar -a ( kag'ardi ) " written ( he letter ) ," na - xant' -a "painted".
Future participle ( gerundive ): Affixes: o- -al/ar/ur/e/endzsi For example: o- xant -al- i " painting ".

The object to be a participle is in the genitive.
With a participle in the present tense or past tense relative clause can be paraphrased:

Te surati - sh ma - xant' - ali k'otshi kobzhiri (this [ man painting picture - GEN: NOM ] saw: AOR) "I saw the man who had painted the picture " momets'onu ti - na - sh xant' -a suratik ( liked: AOR [ he: GEN painted image: ERG ] ) " I liked the picture he has painted " With the participle future tense in allative or Adverbialis Final rates may be paraphrased:

Midartu ts'q'arish mag'alusha ( was: AOR [ water: GEN on: tailing: ALL ] ) " He went to fetch water " boshik getsh'opu k'alami kag'ardish otsh'aralo ( Boy: ERG took: AOR pin: NOM [ letter: GEN on: writing: ADV ] ) " The boy picked up the pen to write a letter " The participle future can also be an attribute to a noun (next to the verbal noun to o / u ):

Tena zhneli ogurapal Sagani re = tena zhneli ogurapu Sagani re ( this is difficult to: studying is subject = this is difficult Studying topic) " This is a difficult topic of study " verbal Nouns

To form the two Verbal Nouns ( Masdar ) or infinitives of the verb stem is one of the suffixes - (u ) al -, -ap, -op, -eb - extended, what then either the suffix - (u ) a is appended, the well- Georgian origin, the affixes are - o - u made to the extended stem, which are held for the original verbal nouns of Zan - language:

K'eteba ~ ok'etebu " do / doing " ts'amalua ~ ots'amalu " heal / healing " In use, the two verb nouns are often interchangeable. Exceptions are noted below. Both verbal nouns are declined like a regular noun.

The subject or object of a verbal noun is in the genitive.
In a verbal noun or an adjective, an adverb can be: If the verb in the main clause and the verb in the subordinate clause the same subject ( they are coreferential ), the adverb is preferred:

Mop'ts'ons sk'vamas tsh'arua ( like beautiful: ADV Writing: NOM) "I like it, nice to write " ap'irens ' Udesh tshkaras shenebas (intentional house: GEN fast: ADV construction: DAT) " He intends to build the house quickly " Otherwise, the adjective is used:

Mop'ts'ons Ninosh sk'vami tsh'arua ( like Ninos: GEN nice letter: NOM) "I like the way Nino writes beautifully " Depending on the tense of the finite verb is functioning as the object verbal noun in the dative or nominative. The o / u - shapes appear to be less frequent here:

Itsh'q'ans fizikash gurapas / ogurapus (starts: PRES Physics: GEN Study: DAT) "He / she begins to study physics " ditsh'q'u fizikash gurapa / ogurapu ( started: AOR Physics: GEN Study: NOM) "He / she began to study " tsdilens gurapas ( tried Study: DAT) "He's trying to study " mok'o " I want," mop'ts'ons " I like " and so require an experiencer in the dative and a nominative or ergative Komplementverb:

Osurs ok'o betsh'edi (Woman: DAT will ring: NOM) " The woman wants a ring " Therefore: osurs ok'o bunebash xant'ua (Woman: DAT wants landscape: GEN Painting: NOM) " The woman wants to paint a landscape " mop'ts'ons Ninosh sk'vami tsh'arua ( like Ninos: GEN beautiful: NOM letter: NOM) "I like the way Nino writes beautifully " mop'ts'ons sk'vamo tsh'arua ( like beautiful: ADV Writing: NOM) "I like it, nice to write " In complement clauses, the o / u - shape is only possible with verbs of beginning:

Itsh'qans gurapas = ogurapus " he begins to study " Atens k'eteba = ok'etebus " he ceases to do" The o / u - shapes can be used ( in addition to the participle future) as attributes:

Tena zhneli ogurapu Sagani re = tena zhneli ogurapal Sagani re (this topic is difficult to study this difficult = to: studying an issue) " This is a difficult topic of study " uninflected words

The Mingrelian recognizes the following types of words without inflection:

Adverbs, eg at ( ə ) dg'a " today," ase " now " ...
Conjunctions, eg namda " that " tumtsa " although" ...
Postal items, such as [ ALL] xə "to" ...
Particles
Interjections

Syntax

Mingrelian is a free SOV / SVO language (S = subject, O = object, V = predicate ). The set position appears to mediate the remainder, if any, then on the phrase level of grammatical relations.
The word order seems to be more than SVO in short in long sentences or a long object.
Also in the imperative word order VO is preferred (eg komutshiAOR paraNOM / paraNOM komutshiAOR "give me the money! ").
Introductory verbs are happy at the first position when the reference subject appears on the scene or disappears (eg ko'ope arti g'alieri k'otshi " it was [ once ] in a rich man ").

Interrogative sentences

Decision issues are with the suffix - formed [v ] o:

Reko ...? "Are du ..? " Gok'onano ...? "Do you want ...? " Gitshkuno ...? " You know ..? " Gitshkunano ...? "Do you know ...? " tshkimda kuggagebeno? (?) " Do you understand me?" martalovo? "Is that true? " Margaluro ragadanto? (?) " Talk Mingrelian? " Vanok Mortuo? " Is Vano come?" Follow-up questions can be formed with interrogatives:

Mi? " Who? " Mu / so? " What? " Mudros? " When? " Mutsh'o? " How? " mot? " Why? " Sowreshe? , Son? " Where? " hangi? " Which one? " tena mu re? " What is it? " te k'otshi re mi? " Who is this man? " tina Mudros komurs? " When will he / she come from? " mutsh'o rek? " How are you? " nam saat re? " What clock is it?" si sowreshe gitshku margaluri? " Where did you learn Mingrelian? " adjuncts

Demonstratives, possessives and quantifiers are prefixed (eg ina k'otshi " that man ", tito k'otshi " every man "). In the north-western dialects but mainly possessives also be adjusted (and then get a case ending ).
Number words can also be adjusted (eg zhiri k'otshi = k'otshi zhiri " two men ").
Discontinuity:

Marans didi lagvanepi rdə g'vinishi epsha (Keller: DAT large: NOM Pitchers: NOM were wine: GEN full) " There were great jars of wine in the cellar " subordinate clauses

Mingrelian knows a few conjunctions. The most common is the subordinator ni, which occurs / n / i as a suffix -ni and has various responsibilities:

Mitshku megobark kalaksha kəmortuni ( knew AOR friend: ERG City: ALL came: AOR- KJ ) " I knew that (my ) friend came into the city [ ALL] [ AOR ] " gitshkun -o tina Mudros kəmorsən ( i)? ( know -? when those come: will: FUT - KJ ) " Do you know when he comes? " Konzessivsätze

Konzessivsätze be formed with tumtsa at the next start of the block:

Alek tena gak'etu, tumtsa mitin ve eludu tes ( Ale: ERG did this: AOR, although someone not - expected: IMPF this) " Ale did it, although no one expected " causal sets

Causal Adverbialsätze be "because" formed with tisheni at the next end of a sentence:

Vanok vedu diarasha, dus glaxat grzhnendu tisheni " Vano did not go to the wedding because he was not feeling well " Resultative sentences are tishen with do " and therefore" circumscribed; or by converting them into a causal relation:

Ale dak'inebuli rdu do tishen va- va- Mortu >> Alek Mortu dak'inebuli rdu tisheni " Ale was busy and that's why he did not >> Ale did not come, because he was busy " substitutive sets

Substitituve sentences are formed by tish Mangiero, which requires a finite verb in the conditional II or III in the next sentence:

Tish Mangiero gak'vetili guk'etebuduk'on, ezosha idu ola'apusha ( make - be instead that homework would: COND.III, Garden: ALL walked: playing AOR: ALL) "Instead of doing his homework, he went to play in the garden " conditional

Be conditional " if " formed with -ni ( mehrdeutig! ) or as:

Ase tina ts'erils tsh'arunsəda, utsbas kəgebgent ( present tense - present ) (now that NOM letter: DAT writes - if, find out immediately: be: we: FUT ) " If he is writing a letter, we 'll figure it out " Vano kəmursəda, domizhaxi ( Futur - imperative) ( Vano: NOM come: will: FUT if me: calledst: AOR) " If Vano comes, call me! " lexi dosk'idu, ts'amals kumug'ankin (i) ( future tense - Future tense ) ( Ill be: relax: is: FUT, bring medicine: will: FUT - KJ ) " The patient will recover if you bring him medicine " Amser tina ts'erils dotsh'arunsəda, tsh'ume mibg'ent ( future tense - Future tense ) (now eight of those NOM letter: write DAT: is: FUT if received tomorrow: be: we: FUT ) " If he now writes the letter night, we will see him tomorrow" g'oronti k'os kaak'etendasu ni sashverk musheni ve e'uu? ( Opt - aorist ) (God: NOM man: DAT makes: OPT KJ, relief: ERG why was not -: AOR? ) " If God created man, why was there no relief? " Konze Immersive conditionals have also Shuro and possibly even Ishen:

Shuro tsh'itsh'es geshunsida, Biras kiditsh'qans "Even if he is only a little drink, he will start to sing " ma tes gebgendi, si Shuro Mutun va- gitkualuduk'on ( i) "I would have figured it out, even if you had not told me " Shuro va- gok'odasin ( i), Ishen ok'o midarte ( even non- wilt: SUBJ.I - KJ, however you want: goest: OPT) "Even if you do not want, you need ( however ) Go " Potential conditionals have ti -da and shemtxvevasDAT " in that case ":

Ale kəmurs, ti shemtxvevas omushebel kishuda " In the event that he finds work, Ale will come" In conditional sentences the Nebensatzverb always in habitualis:

Ase tina ts'erils tsh'arunduk'on, tes utsbas gebgendit ( COND.I present tense) (now he: NOM letter: write DAT: would this: DAT find out immediately: we: HAB ) " Would he now write a letter, we would find it immediately" gog'a tik ts'erili dotsh'arunk'on, amdg'a mibg'endit ( COND. II) ( yesterday that: ERG letter: NOM wrote: would have received today: we: HAB ) " If he had yesterday written to the / a letter, we would have received it today " Amser tik ts'erili dotsh'aruk'on, tsh'ume mibg'endit ( COND.I future) (now eight of those: ERG letter: Write NOM: would receive tomorrow: we: HAB ) "If he would write a letter this night, we would receive it tomorrow" Final rates

There are several ways to form finales:

A finite form uses the subjunctive II ( opt ):

Tik mdinaresha idu tshxomi, otsh'opasin ( i) ( that: ERG flow: ALL went, fish catch: OPT- KJ ) " He went to the river to fish " A Gerundivbildung requires the participle future tense in Adverbialis:

Boshik getsh'opu k'alami ts'erilish otsh'aralo ( Boy: ERG took: AOR pin: NOM letter: GEN on: writing: ADV) Also, the present participle in allative can be used:

Midartu ts'q'arish mag'alusha ( was: towards water: GEN -tailing: ALL) "He went to fetch water " Another form used verbal noun in the o / u -shape in allative or dative ( this kind of finales type is similar to the Latin ad faciendum ):

Boshik midartu xantu'uash ogurapusha ( Boy: ERG went: towards painting: GEN on: Study: ALL) " The boy went away to study painting " tik mdinaresha idu, tshxomish otsh'opusha ( that: ERG flow: ALL went fish: GEN on: Intercept: ALL) " He went to the river to fish " k'otshk kədoxodə otsh'k'omalish otsh'k'omus (Man: ERG setzte_sich: AOR Food: GEN food: DAT) " The man sat down to eat " Temporalsätze

Simultaneity is expressed by:

The mere suffix -ni

Giidzhinu ni ' building kozhiru ( looked around: [ saw House: AOR ] KJ AOR ) "As he looked around, he saw a house " mutsh'oti kigegones tena skualenkə ni sumixolok mindomes ogurapusha ula (such as: INS heard: this AOR: NOM sons: ERG KJ, all: three: ERG wanted: AOR Study: ALL go: NOM) " When the sons heard this, they wanted to go to college " The adverb mudrosətə (< dro "time" ), where ni can be omitted:

Vanok kəmortu, mudrosətə dzhimalenk mdinare ginilesə (s) ( Vano came: AOR at that time [ brothers - ERG river crossing: AOR ( KJ ) ] ) " Vano came when his brothers crossed the river " Nachzeitig is expressed by:

The suffix -ni and uk'ul at the next end of a sentence:

Gebgi te ambe, tik ' utsha kəmortuni uk'ul ( found out: AOR those messages [ he came home: AOR after KJ ] ) " I found out about the news, after he had come home " Prematurity is expressed by:

The suffix -ni and soishax (< so "where" ) at the beginning of the subordinate clause:

Gebgi te ambe, soishax tik ' utsha kəmortuni / tina ' utsha kimishuni ( found out: AOR those N. [ before he came home: AOR KJ / he: came home NOM: HAB - KJ ] ) " I found out about the news before he had come home " The infinitive in allative, which can be interpreted as a movement towards a future event. The postposition - xə "to" (which is used in a completed ' movement ' that has reached their goal ), is optional here:

Gebgi te ambe, tish ' utsha mula- sha ( - xə ) ( found out: AOR that message, he: -ALL come - up home GEN) " I found out about the news before he had come home " Adverbialsätze

Adverbialsätze be formed with a subordinator at the next start of the block and in addition with ni:

Adverbialsätze the way are formed by mutsh'otə (< mutsh'o 'like' ):

Kimig'i ate g'vini, mutsh'otə ma gits'ini! "Bring the wine, as I told you! " Adverbialsätze the reason be with radgan "there" formed:

Ma ok'o tena kobzhire, radgan si tash ragadankini " I need to see it because you said it so " Additives Adverbialsätze be " except this " with tish garda formed:

Tish garda tina q'urzhens, mi'onansini lait'is tasundas I'i " Besides the fact that it bring forth grapes, it will sow corn " Lokativische Adverbialsätze be with sodetə (< so "where" ) is formed:

Si tek dorxvaduk, sodetə gog'a vorditini "I 'll meet you there, where we were yesterday " Komplementsätze and indirect speech

Komplementsätze are generally formed with -ni:

Vnanenk Ninok va- mortuni ( kommentativ ) ( sorry: I, [ Nino: non- ERG was: AOR- KJ ] ) " I regret that Nino has not come " Vanos utsh'ku Nino g'vins va- shunsin (i) ( know / learn ) ( Vano: DAT white [ Nino: NOM wine: NOM not - drinking - KJ ] ) " Vano know that Nino does not drink wine " An intentional, desideratives, manipulatives or modal Matrixverb required in addition to set the optative, when it is in the present tense / future tense or the conditional II / III when it is in the aorist / imperfect:

Desideratives Matrixverb in the present tense: mok'o Ninok kəmortasin ( i) ( wants [ Nino: ERG come: OPT- KJ ] ) "I want that Nino is coming" Desideratives Matrixverb in the past tense: mok'odu Ninos kəmurtumuduk'on ( i) ( wanted [ Nino: Come DAT: would: KOND.III - KJ ] ) "I wanted that Nino is coming" Manipulative Matrixverb in the present tense: Vano aizhulens Ninos met'ig'vin ( i) geshvasin ( i) ( Vano forces Nino: DAT [more wine: NOM drink: OPT- KJ ] ) " Vano forcing Nino to drink more wine " Manipulative Matrixverb in the aorist: Vanok aizhulu Ninos met'ig'vin ( i) geushumuduk'oni ( Vano forced Nino: DAT [more wine: drink NOM: would: KOND.III - KJ ] ) " Vano Nino forced to drink more wine " The conjunction nam (u ) as " that" at the next start of the block is used almost exclusively for indirect speech in which to the verb in the subordinate clause, both -ni as well as a citation or Quotativsuffix [ QUOT ] ( -maki or -a) is added:

A spokesman in the first person is quoted: ma gits'i, namda Nino va- murs -i -maki ( I thee, said: AOR that Nino: NOM not - come: will: FUT - KJ- QUOT ) "I told you that Nino would not come " A spokesman in the 3rd person is quoted: Mumak mits'u, namda Nino va- murs -ia ( Father: ERG me: told: AOR that Nino: NOM not - come: will: FUT - KJ- QUOT ) " The father told me that Nino would not come " relative clauses

Relative clauses are formed with 1 -ni or 2 with the relative pronoun namu -case [i ] t. In the first case, relative clauses can be added to the left or:

With 1 -ni: vezirepi la'apis udzhinedesni ( Vizier: Pl: NOM game: DAT saw: IMPF - KJ ) " the viziers who saw the game" g'orontisha idənini ti k'otshi (God: go ALL: AOR KJ this man: NOM) " this man who walked with God " 2 With namu -ti: almasi, namu - ti g'ir sumi sopeilishave ( Diamond: NOM, which NOM worth three village: ALL) " the diamond, which is worth three villages " k'otshi, namu -shen -it ma pikrendi, dog'uru = dog'uru k'otshi, namu -shen -it ma pikrendi (Man: NOM what -ABL I thought IMPF died: AOR) " the man to whom I have thought, has died " Ndiik mitxuu k'otshi, namu -k -it tina gak'urtsxinuni ( Div: ERG asked: AOR man: NOM, which ERG those: wake NOM: KAUS: PLUSQ ) " Div asked the man who has woken him " sample tables

Declination

Examples of the individual case:

Oxvame -s ( dative ) " in the Church" bolo -s ( dative ) " to the end " ts'q'ar - isha ( allative ) " into the water " kalak -sha ( allative ) " in the city " otsh'opu -sha ( allative ) " to catch " xvirat'e - she ( ablative ) " out of the hole " Paradigms with the nouns tq'a " forest " and k'otsh " man ", and the adjectives tsh'ita "red" and did " great" ( number words are declined like adjectives ); the sequence corresponds to the table in the section, case and number '.

Deklinationstyp I ( vowel ): << Tq'a, tq'ak, tq'as, tq'ashi, tq'at, tq'asha tq'ashe, tq'ashot, tq'at. K'otshi << k'otshik, k'otshis, k'otshish (i) k'otshit (i) k'otshisha, k'otshishe, k'otshishot, k'otsho. << Tsh'ita, tsh'itak, tsh'itas, tsh'itash, tsh'itat, tsh'itasha tsh'itashe, tsh'itashot, tsh'itat Deklinationstyp II ( consonant ); Irregularities are underlined: K'otsh << ( i), k'otsh ( ə ) k, ( k'otshs ) / k'os / k'oc, k'otshish, k'otshit, k'otshisha k'otshishe, k'otshishot, k'otsho Did << ( i), Didik / ditk, didis / dis, didish, Didit, didisha didishe, didi shot, dido Example of Gruppenflexion ( art- "one", skvam " beautiful", shkiru " gray " ):

Nominative: art ( i) skvam ( i) shkiru geri " a beautiful gray wolf " Genitive: art ( i) skvam ( i) shkiru gerish " a beautiful gray wolf " Dative Akk. Kind ( i) skvam ( i) shkiru gers " a / n beautiful gray wolf " etc. conjugation

TAM I

Indicative: - tsh'ar [ un] - "write": btsh'arunk, tsh'arunk, tsh'aruns / tsh'arunts, btsh'arunt, tsh'arunt, tsh'aruna (s) " I write, you write, he / she writes ... " "to be": Vorek, ( o) rek, (o ) ren, voret, ret, renan; rdu " I am, you are, he / she is, we are, you are, they are, he / she was " Experiencer in the dative: "know": mitsh'ku " I know," gitsh'ku " you know," utsh'ku " he / she knows " "want": mok'o " I want," gok'o " you want," ok'o " he / she wants," gok'onan " Twelfth Night" " love": mi'ors " I love ( him / her ) ", ma si mi'ork " I love you" Other: matsiens " I'm cold " pshkirens " I 'm hungry " voxek " I am sitting " subjunctive: "write": btsh'ara, tsh'ara, tsh'aras btsh'arat, tsh'arat, tsh'aran " so I write so that you write, so that he / she writes ... " " Go ": IBDA, ida, idas ibdat, idat, idan " I 'm so, so you're going, so he / she goes ... " TAM II

- tsh'ar " write ": btsh'ari, tsh'ari, tsh'aru / tsh'arə, btsh'arit, tsh'arit, tsh'ares " I wrote, you wrote, he / she wrote ... " - k'at " collect ": bk'ate, k'ate, k'atu, bk'atet, k'atet, k'ates " I gathered, you collected, he / she collected ... " "see": bzhiri " I saw " mits'i " you said to me ," mits'u " he / she told me ," gits'i " I told you " Case of subject and object

Example of subject and object in TAM I to IV ( OSUR " woman ", buneba "Landscape ", xant' " paint" ):

TAM I: osuriNOM bunebasDAT xant'unsPRÄSENS " The woman paints a landscape " TAM II: osurkERG bunebaNOM doxant'uAORIST " The woman painted a landscape " TAM III: osursDAT bunebaNOM uxant'u (s) RES. 1 " The woman has (obviously) a L. painted " TAM IV: osuriNOM bunebasDAT noxant'ueduRES. 4 " The woman was (obviously) a L. painted " Screevetabelle

The Mingrelian Screeves the example xant' " paint" and tsh'ar " write ":

Ejective consonant International Phonetic Alphabet Liquid consonant Dental consonant Palatal consonant Velar consonant Uvular consonant Labiodental consonant Grammatical number Ergative case Instrumental case Ablative case Inchoative aspect Coreference

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