Monarch
( See also: the nobility and the local references to the main item to the countries, such as German nobility, French nobility, etc.)
The ruler is the title to head in a monarchical state -run.
Germany
In the Peace of Westphalia all rich immediate territorial lords in the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation were given the sovereignty over it is granted, " territory ", including very small units. This means that here also historically very low ranking noble title (see below) could be rulers title.
Internationally
In the rest of Europe, the equivalence Gentry title was a sovereign title the exception, so here could be considered only at the highest titles of nobility from the fact that they could be understood as a sovereign title. These included and are to this day:
- Emperor - derived from the name Caesar for Emperor. Equivalent to Shah, Sultan, Sultan, Caliph, Empereur, Czar, the Chinese Son of Heaven, the Japanese Tennō, the Ethiopian king of kings ( Negus Negesti ) and the Indian Mughal emperor
- King - or Rex (Latin for King ), King, Konung, Roi, Rey, Rè Malik
- Grand Duke - standing over the Duke ( predicate: Royal Highness ); Today only: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg - engl: Grand Duke.
- Duke - comparable with the English Duke or Hertig, Duc, Duque, Duca;
- Landgraf and Mark Graf - princely rank of Count, ruler of a Landgrave or Margraviate
- Prince - highest rank in a principality ( today only Liechtenstein, Monaco, Wales and Asturias ) - Prince, furste, Principe
Ruler titles by country
Although the majority of titles of nobility proper translation is in other European languages are based, there are differences in their rank order, the title hierarchy. In the following section, the titles of some more important European states are arranged in descending height to each other.
Germany / Austria
Emperor, King, Elector, Erz-/Groß-Herzog, Duke, Mark-/Land-/Pfalzgraf, ( Reich ) prince ( imperial ) Count, Baron, Baron, Knight, Squire, Noble
Note: The meaning of the title changed over time (see tribal dukes - Titularherzöge ). In the Holy Roman Empire, which, in addition to today's Germany and Austria, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands ( until 1648 ), Switzerland ( until 1648 ), Czech Republic ( Bohemia), Slovenia, and parts of present-day Poland, France and Italy included, it played a significant role, who was the lord of the country gentleman. Empire Direct areas and the associated titles were, for example, gentlemen, a free imperial cities, counts, princes of the empire. Prince with the right of election as emperor bore the title elector in addition to the title associated with the electoral dignity principality. They made the highest-ranking nobility by the emperor or king dar. With the end of the Roman Empire the Kurtitel fell almost everywhere (except for the Electorate of Hesse) away. Some electorates were to kingdoms or large duchies. Titles of nobility, which were not assigned by the kingdom but of a king, Grand Duke etc., are accordingly no empire - but country or eg Prussian Junker.
Lands of the Bohemian Crown and Hungary
King, ( prince, but only the children of the king), magnate: Inherited members of the magnate item: counts, barons and Untitulierte (from de ), awarded magnates counts, barons, by / de; Adel, who was not a member of the magnate class. ( Other titles such as the title of prince would allow for some guidance, but in rank were on the original Bohemian / Hungarian belonging )
United Kingdom
King, Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount, Baron, Baronet, Knight ( Sir), Esquire
France
( Empereur ) Roi, Pair de France, Duc, Marquis, Comte, Viscount, Baron, Chevalier, Ecuyer
Spain
Rey, Grande de Espana, Duque, Marqués, Conde, Vizconde, Barón, Senor Hidalgo
Portugal
Rei, Grande de Portugal, Duque, Marqués, Conde, Visconde, Barao, Senhor, Fidalgo
Italy
Re Principe, Duca, Marchese, Conte, Visconte, barons, Nobile, Cavaliere, Patrizio,
Sweden
Konung, Greve, Friherre (Baron )
Russia
Царь / Великий князь / Император / Князь императорской крови, Принц, Герцог, Князь, Граф, Барон
Ancient Greece
Initially, only the Basileus, then archon eponymous, Basileus Archon Polemarchus, Thesmothet
Ancient Rome
Emperor Augustus Caesar, Senator, (approved for the posts: Censor, Consul / Proconsul, Praetor / propraetor, aedile, quaestor ), Eques (approved for the posts: prefect, procurator )
China
(see also: Adel # China)
Son of Heaven ( God ) Kaiser (天子, tiānzǐ ) and the five -needle classes公侯伯子男, gōng Hou bó zǐ nán :公爵( Duke ) ,侯爵( Markgraf ) ,伯爵( Graf) ,子爵( Viscount ) ,男爵( Baron)
Japan
Tennō, Kampaku, Shogun, Tandai, daimyo, hatamoto, Omemie, Gokenin ( Samurai )
Empire of Ethiopia
Neguse Negest ( King of Kings ), end of race, Negus, Ras, Dejazmach, Fitawrari
Ottoman Empire
Sultan, Caliph, Amir, Sheikh ( personal office aristocracy: Pasha, Bey, Aga ), Efendi
Iran ( Persia )
Great King later Shah / Sultan Khan, Emir
North Africa
Example
As a ruler can rule over a number of territories, there is the great title that all of these areas with each title - completely enumerated - in descending rank and within the same rank after the age of acquisition. As an example, the Great title of Emperor of Austria: