Ostrya carpinifolia
European Hop Hornbeam ( Ostrya carpinifolia ), fruit stands
The European Hop Hornbeam ( Ostrya carpinifolia ), also called Common Hornbeam is a deciduous tree species in the genus of Hops Book in the birch family ( Betulaceae ).
- 7.1 Literature
- 7.2 Notes and references
- 7.3 External links
Name
The genus name Ostrya called the hop hornbeam already in Ancient Greek ( Ostrya ) as in Latin ( Ostrya ). The word is the Greek word for copper beech, oxys similar. Both designations are attributed to óstreon = oyster, because the wood like the oyster shell is very hard. The specific epithet means carpinifolia hainbuchenblättrig and alludes to the leaves of the hop hornbeam, which are very similar to those of the hornbeam.
The German name hopbeam indicated in the first part points to the inflorescences, see where the hops similarly, in the second part to the overall appearance, since this is pretty similar to most of the hornbeam.
Description
Habit
The European Hornbeam is a deciduous tree. It is usually up to 15 meters high, rarely to 20 meters. The trunk diameter can reach up to 0.5 meters. Typical of the hop hornbeam is the low set crown. In youth it is more conical, later open. The hornbeam is a fast-growing type, but is rarely older than 100 years.
Wood and Bark
Its bark is smooth on young trees and gray to gray-brown; later, she is deep brown and cracked and dissolves in square plates from; often under the sloping plates show up orange brown spots.
The wood is hard, tough and hard. Undried it has a density of 0.9 to 1.1 g cm -3, dry 0.77 g cm -3. When drying it comes to cracking, shrinkage is high. The root center is similar to nuclear, light to dark brown in color, but separated from the sapwood is very indistinct. Generally, the wood can easily with the hornbeam be confused.
Buds and leaves
The buds are pointed cone-shaped and extend from the axis. They are green with brown spots, shiny and sticky. The shoots are reddish brown to brown- haired and strong; they have orange raised lenticels.
The leaves are arranged in two rows and are oval. The petiole is hairy five to eight millimeters long and soft. The leaf blade is seven to nine inches long and three to five inches wide, with the greatest width in the lower half. The Spreitenbasis is truncated to rounded or slightly heart-shaped and usually asymmetrical. The Spreitenapex is acute to acuminate. The leaf margin is sharply doubly serrate. The teeth are curved towards the tip and slightly rolled over the edge. Each Spreitenhälfte has 14 to 16 secondary leaf veins. In contrast to the hornbeam hop hornbeam has clearly visible tertiary veins. The upper leaf surface is glossy dark green, almost bald and drüsenlos. The underside is pale green - densely covered with sessile glands - especially in young leaves. The veins are provided with fitting, stiff hairs. In the autumn the leaves turn yellow.
Flowers and Fruit
Hop hornbeam are monoecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( monoecious ). The male inflorescences appear already in the autumn of the previous year and overwinter as closed kittens. In its heyday in April / May, the kitten stretch six to eight inches in length and are then four to six millimeters wide. The cover sheets are about three millimeters long, pale green, densely ciliated and equipped with a red-brown tip. Each flower has four to ten stamens, which are not or hardly extend beyond the cover page. The anthers are at the top of a head of hair, the stamens are in two parts.
The female catkins are four to six inches long, many flowered and terminally. They are perpendicular to flowering, after which they depend. The flowers have only an inconspicuous perianth, but are surrounded by a sac-like envelope. The flowers are in pairs in the axils of bracts frailer. Pollination is accomplished by the wind.
The fruit stand is similar to the female inflorescences of the hop. It is pin- to ovate, up to six inches long and 1.5 to three inches thick. The pericarp is formed from the intergrown continue reading and dense coat. She is initially ovoid to flattened and yellowish- white, later puffed and brown. In the pericarp is a nut that is small, brown and shiny. Fruit ripening occurs between August and October.
Dissemination
The area of the European Hop Hornbeam includes large parts of the Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean zone of the Alps. It ranges from Provence to the east of the Southern Alps on Croatia and Serbia to Bulgaria. In the south, the area of Corsica extends over Sardinia, Italy, Sicily to Greece (not Crete). In the east, the area includes Asia Minor to the Taurus and Lebanon.
In Central Europe, the Hop Hornbeam is on the southern edge of the Alps and individually represented in the Central Alps. You should be migrated here in the postglacial warm period. It occurs sporadically in the Middle and Lower Styria before, in the valleys of southern Carinthia, further in South Tyrol, in Krainer Karst, Trieste and Istria, as well as sporadically in Ticino and the southern Alpine valleys of Graubünden.
In the past, hop hornbeam was more common in southern Europe. The decline is attributed to excessive use of wood.
Ecology
The hornbeam is a sub-Mediterranean to Mediterranean Art you need a warm summer, winter mild and a rainy climate. It occurs in areas in front with an average annual temperature from 12.5 to 15.5 ° C and an average annual rainfall of 1200-1450 mm.
It prefers to grow on rocky, calcareous (but also on silicate) Under slopes. In the northern edge of its distribution in Central Europe, it grows preferably on dry limestone southern slopes of the hill and under montane zone. In the Karawanken it grows to a maximum of 900 m, while otherwise rises to 1300 m.
Sociology
The hornbeam is a typical representative of the sub-Mediterranean deciduous mixed, karst and scrub forests. Here it is associated with downy oak (Quercus pubescens), manna ash (Fraxinus ornus ), field maple ( Acer campestre ), French maple (A. monspessulanum ), rock cherry (Prunus mahaleb ), felt cotoneaster ( Cotoneaster tomentosus ), Common Juneberry ( Amelanchier ovalis ), woolly (Viburnum lantana ) and others
In Central Europe it is mainly found in hops beech forest man Aesch ( Ostryo - carpinifoliae - Fraxinetum orni Aichinger 1933). This populated locations on the southern slopes of the Alps on skeletal -rich, humus- poor Rendzinen over limestone. It usually forms a loose bush. The herb layer is often diverse, predominantly are earth- sedge ( Carex humilis ) and Valais - fescue ( Festuca valesiaca ). The stock picture tree species are the downy oak next to the eponymous hop hornbeam and manna ash. As they grow mostly on inaccessible locations, they are little risk. They are home to many rare animal and plant species. In Carinthia as sand viper and green lizard are mainly found in the hop hornbeam - man Aesch forests.
Use
The Hop Hornbeam has a high coppicing ability, so it is often found in the firewood serving low-and medium forests.
The wood can be drechseln good, milling and drilling. It has a very high wear resistance, so it is for furniture (especially chairs), parts of musical instruments, coils, rolls, hammers, angle, spindles and balls used.