Penstemon

Penstemon bridgesii

The Penstemon ( Penstemon ) are a genus within the family of the plantain family ( Plantaginaceae ). With over 250 species, it is a very diverse genus, which is native only in North America.

• 5.1 types

• 6.1 Notes and references

Description

Most Penstemon species grow as perennial herbaceous plants, some as subshrubs or shrubs. Depending on the type stature heights between 10 centimeters and 3 meters can be achieved. The leaves are mostly opposite.

In showy inflorescences many flowers are borne. The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and fünfzählig. The long corolla tube is two-lipped and may be blue, purple, red, pink or white. There is only one stamen circle with five stamens present. Characteristic the single showy move forward curved, usually hairy Staminodium, it is a sterile stamen. In each flower has four fertile stamens. In many species they are simply thready and reach the opening of the corolla tube. In others, the stamens from the flower stand out and are very hairy, so the German common name " barb " of the genre. Sometimes the stamens are also thickened club-shaped at the end. The nectar -secreting ring around the ovary around is reduced in the Penstemon species. Instead, the nectar of glandular hairs, which are located between the two rear stamens, and the corolla is discharged.

It can be formed with many seeds capsule fruits.

Otherwise, the species are morphologically very different.

Distribution and habitat requirements

All Penstemon species are native to North America ( north to Alaska and Canada and south to Guatemala, and in East-West direction from coast to coast). Most species come here from the western temperate latitudes. Many of the species are distributed very locally. This is also a reason why there are relatively rare intersections of various types are in the wild, and why there are so many and so different Penstemon species ( Adaptive Radiation).

One type ( Penstemon frutescens ) occurs in Japan and the Russian Far East, but is now found to be Pennellianthus frutescens in its own monotypic genus Pennellianthus.

The various species inhabit very different habitats - from deserts to swamp forests, and from the sea coast to the high mountains.

Use

As a medicinal plant

Some North American Indians used Penstemon species against toothache.

As an ornamental plant

Although it is a purely North American species, the breeding of new varieties has been carried out mainly in Europe. By the early 19th century were offered by various Penstemon species there to buy seeds. At this time also emerged already the first hybrids.

Especially in the 60s of the 19th century intensified the breeding activity. Particularly noteworthy here are breeds of Victor Lemoine and by Wilhelm Pfitzer. The company of the Scots John Forbes offered 1870 180 varieties. Until 1900 it was with 550 varieties of the world's leading farm for Penstemon species, closely followed by Lemoine 470 varieties.

System

The genus Penstemon was traditionally made in the families of the figwort family ( Scrophulariaceae ) or Veronicaceae. But it belongs to the family of the plantain family ( Plantaginaceae ).

Botanical history

The first Penstemon species was published by the American plant collector John Mitchell (1711-1768) in 1748. These were the kind Penstemon laevigatus around. Linnaeus adopted this kind than 1753 Chelone pentstemon, whereby he easily abwandelte the spelling, so that the Greek origin of the word ( penta, five) was easier to detect. However, the original spelling Penstemon prevailed and was finally accepted as the official generic name. But until the 20th century, continues to take from time to time the name pentstemon. The botanical genus name Penstemon is derived from the Greek words pente for five and stemon for stamen from.

During the 18th century, and especially in the 19th century other Penstemon species were described, which were until about 1820 all incorporated into the genus Chelone. Systematic botanical field studies in the Great Basin increased the number of species in the 20th century to around 250

A revision of the genus was carried out 1932-1957 by David Keck. Since 1946, the American Penstemon Society cares both about the botany as well as to questions of cultivation.

Species

• Penstemon abietinus Pennell
• Penstemon absarokensis Evert
• Penstemon acuminatus Dougl. ex Lindl.
• Penstemon alamo sensis Pennell & Nisbet
• Penstemon Albertinus Greene
• Penstemon albidus Nutt.
• Penstemon albomarginalis M.E.Jones
• Penstemon albomarginatus M.E.Jones
• Penstemon alluviorum Pennell
• Penstemon ambiguus Torr.
• Penstemon ammophilus N.Holmgren & L. Shultz
• Penstemon anguineus Eastw.
• Penstemon angustifolius Nutt. ex Pursh
• Penstemon arenarius Greene
• Penstemon arenicola A.Nels.
• Penstemon aridus Rydb.
• Penstemon arkansanus Pennell
• Penstemon attenuatus Dougl. ex Lindl.
• Penstemon atwoodii Welsh
• Penstemon auriberbis Pennell
• Penstemon australis Small
• Penstemon azureus Benth.
• Penstemon baccharifolius Hook.
• Penstemon barbatus ( Cav. ) Roth
• Penstemon barnebyi N.Holmgren
• Penstemon barrettiae Gray
• Penstemon bicolor ( Brandeg. ) Clokey & Keck
• Penstemon bracteatus Keck
• Penstemon breviculus ( Keck ) Nisbet & R.C.Jackson
• Penstemon bryantiae Keck
• Penstemon buckleyi Pennell
• Penstemon caesius Gray
• Penstemon caespitosus Nutt. ex Gray
• Penstemon calcareus Brandeg.
• Penstemon californicus ( Munz & Johnston ) Keck
• Penstemon calycosus Small
• Penstemon campanulatus ( Cav. ) Willd.
• Penstemon canescens ( Britt. ) Britt.
• Penstemon cardinalis Woot. & Standlschmaus.
• Penstemon cardwellii T.J.Howell
• Penstemon carnosus Pennell
• Penstemon caryi Pennell
• Penstemon centranthifolius Benth.
• Penstemon Cinicola Keck
• Penstemon cleavelandii Gray
• Penstemon clevelandii Gray
• Penstemon clutei A.Nels.
• Penstemon cobaea Nutt.
• Penstemon comarrhenus Gray
• Penstemon compactus ( Keck ) Crosswhite
• Penstemon concinnus Keck
• Penstemon confertus Dougl. ex Lindl.
• Penstemon confusus M.E.Jones
• Penstemon crandallii A.Nels.
• Penstemon crideri A.Nels. (per sp.)
• Penstemon cusickii Gray
• Penstemon Cyananthus Hook.
• Penstemon cyaneus Pennell
• Penstemon cyanocaulis Payson
• Penstemon cyathophorus Rydb.
• Penstemon dasyphyllus Gray
• Penstemon davidsonii Greene
• Penstemon deamii Pennell
• Penstemon deaveri Crosswhite
• Penstemon debilis O'Kane & J. Anderson
• Penstemon degeneri Crosswhite
• Penstemon deustus Dougl. ex Lindl.
• Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims
• Penstemon diphyllus Rydb.
• Penstemon discolor Keck
• Penstemon dissectus Ell.
• Penstemon distans N.Holmgren
• Penstemon dolius M.E.Jones ex Pennell
• Penstemon dubius A.Davids. (per sp.)
• Penstemon eatonii Gray
• Penstemon elegantulus Pennell
• Penstemon ellipticus Coult. & Fisher
• Penstemon eriantherus Pursh
• Penstemon euglaucus English
• Penstemon eximius Keck
• Penstemon fendleri Torr. & Gray
• Penstemon filiformis ( Keck ) Keck
• Penstemon flavescens Pennell
• Penstemon floribundus D.Danley
• Penstemon floridus Brandeg.
• Penstemon flowersii Neese & Welsh
• Penstemon franklinii Welsh
• Penstemon fremontii Torr. & Gray ex Gray
• Penstemon fruticiformis Coville
• Penstemon fruticosus ( Pursh ) Greene
• Penstemon gairdneri Hook.
• Penstemon gibbensii thorn
• Penstemon glaber Pursh
• Penstemon glandulosus Dougl.
• Penstemon glaucinus Pennell
• Penstemon globosus ( Piper ) Pennell & Keck
• Penstemon goodrichii N.Holmgren
• Penstemon gormanii Greene
• Penstemon gracilentus Gray
• Penstemon gracilis Nutt.
• Penstemon grahamii Keck
• Penstemon grandiflorus Nutt.
• Penstemon griffinii A.Nels.
• Penstemon grinnellii Eastw.
• Penstemon guadalupensis Heller
• Penstemon hallii Gray
• Penstemon harbourii Gray
• Penstemon harringtoni Penl.
• Penstemon harringtonii Penl.
• Penstemon hartwegii Benth.
• Penstemon harvardii Gray
• Penstemon havardii Gray
• Penstemon haydenii S.Wats.
• Penstemon heterodoxus Gray
• Penstemon heterophyllus Lindl.
• Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd.
• Penstemon humilis Nutt. ex Gray
• Penstemon idahoensis Atwood & Welsh
• Penstemon immanifestus N.Holmgren
• Penstemon incertus Brandeg.
• Penstemon inflatus Crosswhite
• Penstemon jamesii Benth.
• Penstemon janishiae N.Holmgren
• Penstemon jonesi Pennell
• Penstemon jonesii Pennell (per sp.)
• Penstemon kingii S.Wats.
• Penstemon labrosus (Gray) Hook.
• Penstemon laetus Gray
• Penstemon laevigatus Ait.
• Penstemon laevis Pennell
• Penstemon laricifolius Hook. & Arn.
• Penstemon laxiflorus Pennell
• Penstemon laxus A.Nels.
• Penstemon leiophyllus Pennell
• Penstemon lemhiensis ( Keck ) Keck & Cronq.
• Penstemon lentus Pennell
• Penstemon leonardii Rydb.
• Penstemon leptanthus Pennell
• Penstemon linarioides Gray
• Penstemon longiflorus ( Pennell ) S.L.Clark
• Penstemon lyallii (Gray ) Gray
• Penstemon marcusii ( Keck ) N.Holmgren
• Penstemon mensarum Pennell
• Penstemon mirus A.Nels. (per sp.)
• Penstemon miser Gray
• Penstemon moffatii Eastw.
• Penstemon monoensis Heller
• Penstemon montanus Greene
• Penstemon moriahensis N.Holmgren
• Penstemon multiflorus Chapman ex Benth.
• Penstemon murcronatus N.Holmgr.
• Penstemon murrayanus Hook.
• Penstemon nanus Keck
• Penstemon Navajoa N. Holmgren
• Penstemon neomexicanus Woot. & Standlschmaus.
• Penstemon neotericus Keck
• Penstemon newberryi Gray
• Penstemon nitidus Dougl. ex Benth.
• Penstemon nudiflorus Gray
• Penstemon oklahomensis Pennell
• Penstemon oliganthus Woot. & Standlschmaus.
• Penstemon ophianthus Pennell
• Penstemon osterhoutii Pennell
• Penstemon ovatus Dougl. ex Hook.
• Penstemon pachyphyllus Gray ex Rydb.
• Penstemon pahutensis N.Holmgren
• Penstemon pallidus Small
• Penstemon palmeri Gray
• Penstemon papillatus J.T.Howell
• Penstemon parishii Gray ( per sp.)
• Penstemon parryi (Gray ) Gray
• Penstemon parviflorus Pennell
• Penstemon parvus Pennell
• Penstemon patens ( M.E.Jones ) N.Holmgren
• Penstemon payettensis A.Nels. & J.F.Macbr.
• Penstemon paysoniorum Keck
• Penstemon peckii Pennell
• Penstemon peirsonii Munz & I.M.Johnston (per sp.)
• Penstemon penlandii W.A.Weber
• Penstemon pennellianus Keck
• Penstemon perpulcher A.Nels.
• Penstemon personatus Keck
• Penstemon petiolatus Brandeg.
• Penstemon pinifolius Greene
• Penstemon pinorum L. & J.Shultz
• Penstemon platyphyllus Rydb.
• Penstemon pratensis Greene
• Penstemon procerus Dougl. ex Graham
• Penstemon pruinosus Dougl. ex Lindl.
• Penstemon pseudoparvus Crosswhite
• Penstemon pseudoputus ( Crosswhite ) N.Holmgren
• Penstemon pseudospectabilis M.E.Jones
• Penstemon pudicus Reveal & Beatley
• Penstemon pumilus Nutt.
• Penstemon purpusii Brandeg.
• Penstemon putus A.Nels.
• Penstemon radicosus A.Nels.
• Penstemon ramosus Crosswhite
• Penstemon rattanii Gray
• Penstemon retrorsus Payson ex Pennell
• Penstemon retrosus Payson ex Pennell
• Penstemon rhizomatosus N.Holmgren
• Penstemon richardsonii Dougl. ex Lindl.
• Penstemon roezlii rule
• Penstemon rostriflorus Kellogg
• Penstemon rubicundus Keck
• Penstemon rupicola ( Piper ) T.J.Howell
• Penstemon rydbergii A.Nels.
• Penstemon saxosorum Pennell
• Penstemon scapoides Keck
• Penstemon scariosus Pennell
• Scouleri Penstemon ( Penstemon, Scoulers ) Lindl.
• Penstemon secundiflorus Benth.
• Penstemon seorsus ( A.Nels. ) Keck
• Penstemon sepalulus A.Nels.
• Penstemon serrulatus Menzies ex Sm
• Penstemon smallii
• Penstemon spatulatus Pennell
• Penstemon speciosus Dougl. ex Lindl.
• Penstemon spectabilis Thurb. ex Gray
• Penstemon stenophyllus (Gray) T.J.Howell
• Penstemon stephensii Brandeg.
• Penstemon strictiformis Rydb.
• Penstemon strictus Benth.
• Penstemon subglaber Rydb.
• Penstemon subserratus Pennell
• Penstemon subulatus M.E.Jones
• Penstemon sudan M.E.Jones
• Penstemon superbus A Nels.
• Penstemon tenuiflorus Pennell
• Penstemon tenuis Small
• Penstemon teucrioides Greene
• Penstemon thompsoniae (Gray) Rydb.
• Penstemon thurberi Torr.
• Penstemon tidestromii Pennell
• Penstemon tiehmii N.Holmgren
• Penstemon tracyi Keck
• Penstemon triflorus Heller
• Penstemon triphyllus Dougl. ex Lindl.
• Penstemon tubiflorus Nutt.
• Penstemon tusharensis N.Holmgren
• Penstemon uintahensis Pennell
• Penstemon unilateralis Rydb.
• Penstemon utahensis Eastw.
• Penstemon venustus Dougl. ex Lindl.
• Penstemon virens Pennell ex Rydb.
• Penstemon virgatus Gray
• Penstemon wardii Gray
• Penstemon washingtonensis Keck
• Penstemon watsonii Gray
• Penstemon whippleanus Gray
• Penstemon wilcoxii Rydb.
• Penstemon wrightii Hook.
• Penstemon yampaensis Penl.