Percidae

Perch (Perca fluviatilis)

The Real perch ( Percidae, Gr. Perke = perch [ An 1 ] ) are a family of the order Perciformes ( Perciformes ). The animals inhabit freshwaters throughout the entire northern hemisphere. In some cases they also penetrate before the brackish water, such as in the Baltic Sea. European species are, inter alia, the European perch (Perca fluviatilis), the ruffe ( Gymnocephalus cernuus ), pike perch ( Sander lucioperca ) and the nerd ( nerd zingel ).

• 7.1 Literature
• 7.2 External links
• 7.3 Notes and references

Features

The largest species, the European pikeperch ( Sander lucioperca ), is 130 cm long, while most species of the subfamily Etheostomatinae not even reach ten centimeters (these are benthic, spindle-shaped and have a reduced or no swim bladder ). The smallest species, Etheostoma denoncourti, is only 2.9 cm long. All rights perch feed on carnivorous invertebrates or small fish.

True perch always have two dorsal fins, which are clearly separated or can touch. The first is supported by spines, the second of soft rays. The anal fin usually has two, rarely a sting ray. The second is always weak. The paired, breast constant pelvic fins have a hard and five soft rays. The True perch have strong comb scales. The premaxilla may be vorstreckbar, the Supramaxillare missing. The number of Branchiostegalstrahlen is between five and eight. The Pseudobranchien are usually free and well developed, rarely rudimentary.

Way of life

True perch can be revier forming a loner, but also schooling fish occur in the family. All feed carnivorous of aquatic insects, worms, crustaceans and fish spawn. Large species such as perch are piscivorous predators. Their spawning give the fish from the free water between plants in pits in the ground or attach it to a solid substrate. Parental care by the male occurs, for example, in the Spring perch.

Outer systematics

The Real perch belong to the suborder Percoidei within the order of Perciformes ( Perciformes ). Both taxa were polyphyletic in traditional scope, however, were in 2013 by R. Betancur -R. and colleagues focus much more closely and thereby ( monophyletic ) clades. The closest relatives of the Real perch are the Petermännchen and Niphon spinosus.

Inside systematics

The family is divided into three sub-families and ten genera. There are over 220 species, of which 14 in temperate Eurasia and more than 200 in North America east of the Rocky Mountains live. Over 130 species belong to the North American Spring perch ( Etheostoma ).

Subfamily Percinae

In the subfamily Percinae the body is flattened laterally, said leading Interhämalknochen ( the foremost supporting bone of the anal fin, which also enters into the body cavity back) is greatly enlarged, well developed, the spines of the anal fin. The Vorkiemendeckel are strongly serrated. Normally, the Percinae have 7-8 Branchiostegalstrahlen. The swim bladder is well developed. Without tuberculate.

• Genus Gymnocephalus Bloch, 1793 Don ruffe ( Gymnocephalus acerina ) ( Güldenstädt, 1774)
• Ammersee - ruffe ( Gymnocephalus ambriaelacus ) Geiger & Schliewen, 2010
• Donaukaulbarsch ( Gymnocephalus baloni ) Holčik & Hensel, 1974
• Ruffe ( Gymnocephalus cernua ) (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Schrätzer ( Gymnocephalus schraetser ) (Linnaeus, 1758)

• American perch (Perca flavescens ) ( Mitchill, 1814)
• Perch (Perca fluviatilis) Linnaeus, 1758
• Balkhash perch (Perca schrenkii ) Kessler, 1874

• Percarina demidoffii Nordmann, 1840
• Percarina maeotica Kuznetsov 1888

Subfamily Luciopercinae

The subfamily Luciopercinae the body is a spindle shape. Interhämalknochen the forwardmost is not greater than the underlying. The spines of the anal fin is small. The lateral line extends to the caudal fin. Without tuberculate.

• Genus Sander Oken, 1817
• Genus Romanichthys Dumitrescu, Bănărescu & Stoica, 1957 Gropp perch ( Romanichthys valsanicola ) Dumitrescu, Bănărescu & Stoica, 1957

Subfamily Etheostomatinae

In the subfamily Etheostomatinae, also called the German Basic perch, the body is fusiform or laterally slightly flattened. The Interhämalknochen located at the front is greatly increased, the spines of the anal fin well developed, the edge of Vorkiemendeckel smooth or partially serrated, usually 5 or 6 Branchiostegalstrahlen, swim bladder reduced or absent. With tuberculate.

• Genus Ammocrypta Jordan, 1877 Ammocrypta beanii Jordan, 1877
• Ammocrypta bifascia Williams, 1975
• Ammocrypta clara Jordan and Meek, 1885
• Ammocrypta pellucida ( Putnam, 1863)
• Ammocrypta vivax Hay, 1882

• Crystallaria Asprella (Jordan, 1878)
• Crystallaria Cincotta ( Welsh and Wood, 2008)

• Percina ante ella Williams & Etnier, 1977
• Percina aurantiaca ( Cope, 1868)
• Percina aurolineata Suttkus & Ramsey, 1967
• Percina aurora Suttkus & Thompson in Suttkus, Thompson & Beard, 1994
• Percina austroperca Thompson, 1995
• Percina brevicauda Suttkus & Beard in Suttkus, Thompson & Beard, 1994
• Percina burtoni Fowler, 1945
• Percina caprodes ( Rafinesque, 1818)
• Percina carbonaria ( Baird & Girard, 1853)
• Percina copelandi (Jordan, 1877)
• Percina crassa ( Jordan & Brayton, 1878)
• Percina crypta Freeman, Freeman & Burkhead, 2008
• Percina cymatotaenia ( Gilbert & Meek in Gilbert, 1887)
• Percina evides ( Jordan & Copeland in Jordan, 1877)
• Percina gymnocephala Beckham, 1980
• Percina jenkinsi Thompson, 1985
• Percina kathae Thompson, 1997
• Percina lenticula Richards & Knapp, 1964
• Percina macrocephala ( Cope, 1867)
• Percina macrolepida Stevenson, 1971
• Percina maculata ( Girard, 1859)
• Percina nasuta ( Bailey, 1941)
• Percina nigrofasciata ( Agassiz, 1854)
• Percina notogramma ( Raney & Hubbs, 1948)
• Percina oxyrhyncus ( Hubbs & Raney, 1939)
• Percina palmaris ( Bailey 1940)
• Percina pantherina ( Moore & Reeves, 1955)
• Percina peltata ( Stauffer in Cope, 1864)
• Percina phoxocephala ( Nelson, 1876)
• Percina rex ( Jordan & Evermann in Jordan, 1889)
• Percina roanoka ( Jordan & Jordan Jenkins, 1889)
• Percina sclerotic ( Swain, 1883)
• Percina shumardi ( Girard, 1859)
• Percina squamata ( Gilbert & Swain in Gilbert, 1887)
• Percina stictogaster Burr & Page, 1993
• Percina suttkusi Thompson, 1997
• Percina tanasi Etnier, 1976
• Percina uranium idea ( Jordan & Gilbert in Gilbert, 1887)
• Percina vigil (Hay, 1882)

Phylogeny

The Percidae and the genus Perca are known since the Eocene fossil from North America, Europe and western Asia. Extinct is the genus Dules from the Middle Eocene of Europe.

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