Peter Lombard

Peter Lombard (it. Pietro Lombardo, * to 1095/1100 in Lumellogno at Novara; † July 20, 1160 ) was a scholastic theologian, head of the cathedral school of Notre Dame in Paris and towards the end of his life Bishop of Paris. After the title of his major work, the four books of the Sentences, he is also called Master of the Sentences.

Life

Peter Lombard came from the field of Novara, a late notice of Paolo Giovio opens you its origin specifically from the spots Lumellogno southwest of Novara. About his family and his education in Italy, no secure certificates before, it is believed that he was low prior to first school of the Canons of San Gaudenzio in Novara visited, which Lumellogno was dutiable, and then studied in Bologna and Lucca, before he went on the recommendation of the Bishop of Lucca to France.

From a letter from Bernard of Clairvaux ( Epist. 410) from 1134/1135 to Gilduin, abbot of the Augustinian Canons of St. Victor, shows that Peter some time ago by the Bishop of Lucca with a request for support for the duration of a short study period in France ( " parvo tempore quo moraretur in Francia causa studii " ) had been recommended to Bernhard, who had his first allows then studies in Reims and now Hilduin asked that the now staying in Paris protégé same for a short time aid, especially food ( "ei providere in cibo per breve tempus " ) to grant.

In Paris, where at that time Hugh of St. Victor and Peter Abelard were the leading teacher, he seems to be a permanent resident and within about ten years to have acquired a reputation as one of the most renowned theologians of his time. Since 1145 he is attested by the evidence of the Notre Dame Cathedral, from certifications in 1147 as a sub-deacon in 1156 and as Archdeacon result, he received holy orders in the time between these certifications, a deacon and a priest. From Pope Eugene III. , A pupil of Bernard, he was in 1147 XVIII 0.15 to 18 on the question of obligation to " fraternal correction " ( fraternal correction ) consulted on the occasion of a visit of the Pope in Paris on the interpretation of Matthew. It is possible, though not proven that he was also involved at Easter 1147 at the consistory of the Pope, on the doctrine of the Trinity of Gilbert of Poitiers was tested for the first time. Certainly he was in any case involved in the subsequent year following the Synod of Reims in the proceedings against Gilbert, as he documents and the capitula co-signed the guided by Bernhard charges against Gilbert there.

In 1159 he was elected bishop of Paris, and ordained on June 29 after apparently its predecessor and alleged student Philip, a son of Louis the Fat, had renounced his favor on the Office. From his following only one-year term of office are only a few official acts, each without major historical importance, is known. Ricobaldus of Ferrara, in his Pomarium (published in 1297 ) from that time still an anecdote quite similar later on Benedict XI. and Sixtus V. was told, namely that a delegation had visited him in his hometown, accompanied by his mother on this occasion festively dressed in Paris and Lombard his mother had only want to recognize after they have re-invested the shabby clothes of its origin.

Lombard was buried in the choir of the former collegiate church of St. Marcel in the then suburb of Paris Faubourg Saint- Marcel ( today 13th arrondissement ). Until the demolition of the church in the early 19th century on his tomb an inscription could be read, which, supplemented in later times to the based on a false statement of Alberic of Trois -Fontaines for the duration of his term year 1164, as the day of his death July 20 calls:

Work

The main work of Peter Lombard, his four books of Sentences ( PL 192, 521-962 ), the basis of carefully selected statements ( sentences ) of the Church Fathers and Doctors of the Church, a systematic representation of the entire theology, centered around the main themes of the doctrine of God and the Trinity (Book I) try creation ( also considers anthropology and doctrine of sin ) ( II), the incarnation ( Christology ) ( III) and sacraments (IV ) to give. A first, no longer preserved version is not created before 1142, the resulting second was completed in 1158. This work was the most consequential of its kind and was the author of the medieval teaching and Zitierbetrieb the honorary title of ' Master of the Sentences ' a.

The comment of his Sententiae was an integral part of the theological master's program since the 13th century. This exercise will also owe the important sentences of comments about Albertus Magnus, Bonaventura, Thomas Aquinas, William of Auxerre and John Duns Scotus, who are among the most important testimonies of medieval theology. In addition to these comments originated summaries for use outside the University as the first book of James of Viterbo ( † around 1308), the Conclusiones obtained in more than 100 manuscripts and early printed books in quatuor libros two Sentences of John de Fonte ( 13-14. century), the resultant using this Conclusiones Summa libri Sentences of Dionysius of Florence ( † after 1443 ), or the unfinished Flosculus Rahewins of Freising ( † before 1177 ), of the substance in the form of a didactic poem for the students of the Freising Cathedral School processed. The sentences were materially well as input into the vernacular: An unnamed well-known medium- German translator of the 14th century transferred the Conclusiones the Middle High German, to facilitate theological students and aspiring preachers access, and also based on the first three books of the Sentences, drawing on other sources such as the Comendium theologicae veritatis of Hugo Ripelin of Strasbourg, also wrote in the 14th century, an Alemannic Anonymus for nuns of an unknown monastery a comprehensive middle High German treatise on the love of God.

Peter Lombard has not only the maxims laid the foundation for the systematic theology of scholasticism, but also written significant and influential commentaries on the Bible, especially the Psalms ( PL 191.31-1296 ) and Paul ( PL 191.1297-1696, PL 192.9 to 519 ), the. than ' Magna Glossatura ' in the standard glosses of the Middle Ages, which were Glossa full professor added, and thereby obtained quasi- canonical status for the following centuries

Preserved are also some sermons that have survived in part under the name of Hildebert of Lavardin.