Pope Adrian VI
. Hadrian VI, whose real name is Adriaan Floriszoon ( Florenszoon ) Boeyens or Adriaan Florisz d' Edel, in former notation Adriaen Floriszoon Boeiens, in German also under the name of Adrian of Utrecht known (* March 2, 1459 in Utrecht, † 14 September 1523 in Rome) was Pope from 1522 to 1523.
Origin
Adrian was the son of a ship carpenter Floris ( Florens ) Boeyenszoon Dedel († 1469 ) and his mother Geertruid in the house of his grandfather Boudewijn in the Oude Gracht, corner Brandstraat (fire Steeg ), in Utrecht ( the Bishopric of Utrecht, The Burgundian Netherlands) born. The name of Adriaans paternal grandfather is as Boudewijn Jansz. known ( or the Boeyen Jansz. ); the Jansz Abbr. indicates Jans son ( = zoon ) back. This is also Boudewijn d' precious or Dedel called, bringing a close to the noble and distinguished family Dedel was to construct. The papal coat of arms is therefore similar ( cf. similar with Pius IV ) on the Dedel family The family name Boeyens is itself a patronymic to Boudewijn ( Baudouin ), so the grandfather.
Training
He began his theological training at the Brothers of the Common Life in Zwolle, where his mother sent him to his father's death. From 1476 he studied philosophy at Louvain, where he earned a master's degree in 1478, and moved later this year to study theology and canon law on whose studies he now operational 10 years. After obtaining a degree in theology at August 1, 1490, followed on June 8, 1491 his doctorate in theology. In his studies, it had particularly impressed the work of the scholastics like Thomas Aquinas Adrian. For mathematics he had an interest, whereas it remained closed humanistic aspirations and poetry.
Clerical career
After he had been ordained priest in Leuven on 30 June 1490 he taught from 1493 as a professor at the University of Louvain theology. Since 1488 he had also held lectures in philosophy. From 1493 to 1494 and from 1501 to 1502 he was rector of the university. Chancellor of the University, he was from 1493 to 1501.
Besides his teaching, Hadrian was also active as a preacher, being however preserved as dry preacher. As a theologian, he wrote works on various theological issues, but also to sacramental theology and dogmatic and ethical questions. The famous teacher, had heard Erasmus of Rotterdam, was built in a lion's Burse for theology students.
Already since 1490 pastor of the great Begijnhof in Leuven in the Duchy of Brabant (now Belgium ), which he is likely to remain as Pope, he was also pastor of Goedereede from 1497 and dean of the collegiate church of Saint -Pierre in Louvain. Added to this was the office of provost in Utrecht and Liege, and one canonry in Antwerp and Anderlecht.
1507 introduced him Emperor Maximilian as a teacher of his grandson a, the future Emperor Charles V. By Adrian taught these classical languages , he was also an influential access to the dynasty. As a teacher he was said to be indeed kind and benevolent, but also pedantic.
On August 18, 1516, he was appointed bishop of Tortosa. He still received episcopal ordination in 1516 by Diego de Ribera, the Bishop of Segovia. Since November 1516 general inquisitor for Aragon and Navarra, 1518, he was also Grand Inquisitor of León and Castile. But he was not only Inquisitor for the whole of Spain, but also governor of the King for the provinces of Castilla and León. In addition, he was still working with Cardinal Gonzales Jiménez de Cisneros as regent for Spain. After the death of Cisneros, he was then the sole regent.
In his role as Regent Hadrian was not only conscientious and pedantic, but in its own way also clumsy. So broke in 1520 an insurrection against him, which could only be suppressed by the addition of two nobles to support. As a priest he had a high regard for him.
On July 1, 1517, Pope Leo X, Adrian Cardinal and made him on 16 July 1517 Cardinal Priest of the titular church of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo.
Pontificate
On January 9, 1522 after the death of Pope Leo X., Adrian was chosen as his successor after the election of the declared France - opponent cardinal Schiner was thwarted by the opposition of the French cardinals. He was a consensus candidate, since the interests of the Emperor Charles V and Francis I of France could not be brought under one umbrella. Charles V did not really want him, but Giulio de ' Medici. Henry VIII tried to enforce Cardinal Wolsey. Finally, it was even proposed as a consensus candidate Adriaan Florensz by Giulio de Medici. The choice of a non- Italian in Rome came to clearly expressed rejection that documented, among others, in many satires that were tacked on so-called Pasquino:
"O del sangue di Christological traditore Ladro collegio chel bel Vaticano Alla Tedescha rabbia hai posto mano in Come by Doglia non ti scoppia el cuore - » translation: " Oh you traitor of Christ's blood Predatory college that you beautiful Vatican The German anger have delivered: Why do not you break his heart in pain? - "
Three Cardinals brought him over, who had not participated in the conclave, the news of his election, which he accepted on March 8, 1522. After he left on 25 August 1522 Civitavecchia on land, his coronation took place on 31 August 1522. Cardinal Marco Cornaro put him as the reigning cardinal deacon on the tiara. When Pope names, he retained his baptismal name. That did after him only still Pope Marcellus II
Protestant Reformation
One of the biggest problems with which Hadrian VI. had to deal, was the starting Reformation in the Holy Roman Empire. Hadrian also tried Erasmus of Rotterdam to win for the overcoming of the schism, and invited him to Rome. With a sweeping reform of the Church, he tried to stop the effects of the Reformation, which he did not succeed. Among other things, Hadrian limited the luxury of the papal court life, as well as the granting of indulgences and benefices. The cracks were, however, already too large, and a implementation of the Edict of Worms was no longer possible, since the Reichstag in Nuremberg, which met from 1522 to 1523, the decision postponed. Nevertheless, remarkable remains his guilty plea, which Hadrian had read through his legate at the Diet on January 3, 1523: God let it happen this turmoil " because of the people and especially the priests and prelates sins."
Ottoman problem
This was but one of the problems with which the new Pope had to deal with. Also the Turkish wars bothered him, especially after the Siege of Rhodes ( 1522), after which the Ottomans had driven the Order of Saint John of Rhodes his seat under Suleiman. The Christian warriors gave way far to the west back, after Malta.
Problem Habsburg - France
The disputes between the Imperial House of Habsburg and the French were an almost insoluble problem.
Cardinal appointments
The Pope took only before the collection of a cardinal in his short pontificate. This happened on 10 September 1523. The chosen it was the bishop of Utrecht, William III. of Enckenvoirt, the bishop of the home of the Pope.
Death
After a short tenure of Pope died in late summer 1523. Hermann Schreiber comes in his book History of the Popes to the conclusion that Hadrian VI. was probably poisoned. The encyclopedia of saints and popes but goes from a not unlikely Fiebertod because in the then not yet drained swamps around the Vatican millions of mosquitoes were a nuisance. He was first buried here in St. Peter's, in the church of the German Catholic church of Santa Maria dell'Anima in Rome. The church dates back to a Hospice of the married couple Peter from Holland Dordrecht in the 14th century.
Hadrian is considered the last pope from the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation, was the so far the only pope is now the Netherlands and until the election of Pope John Paul II in 1978, the last non-Italian pope. The Brotherhood of Santa Maria dell'Anima announced on 17 November 2010 following a symposium on Pope Hadrian VI. that they intend to apply for the beatification process for him.