Primula vulgaris
Stemless cowslip (Primula vulgaris)
The Stemless cowslip (Primula vulgaris, syn: Primula acaulis (L.) Hill ) is a plant of the genus Primula (Primula ). Other names for the type shank lots cowslip or primrose earth. Specimens in parks and gardens are almost always planted or feral garden varieties and hybrids and also garden Primroses are called.
- 4.1 Hybrid
- 6.1 Literature
- 6.2 Notes and references
- 6.3 External links
Description
Appearance and foliage leaf
The Stemless primrose is a perennial, herbaceous plant that reaches stature heights between 5 and 10 centimeters. The rhizome is short.
The ribs on the underside of the leaf blade, the Spreitenränder, the flower stems and the edges of the calyx are covered with about 2 millimeters long, jointed trichomes. On the underside of leaves and occasionally on other parts of plants, there are short, bright glandular hairs.
The leaves are rolled in the bud situation backwards. The leaf blade is the heyday 3-6 inches long and increases to fruit maturity. It is wrinkled, membranous, obovate or oblong and rounded at the tip. The Spreitengrund narrows gradually into the short, winged petiole. The leaf margin is irregularly serrated with blunt teeth.
Inflorescence and flower
The flowering season lasts from March to April. The inflorescence stem is extremely short, so forth up to 25 flowers in the center of the basal rosette of leaves. The bracts are linear from a broad base, pale and much shorter than the 5 to 10 cm long flower stalks.
The odorless, hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and fünfzählig double perianth. The five sepals are cylindrical in shape over a length 12-15 mm, fitting and grown -edged. The linear - triangular calyx teeth are less than half as long as the calyx tube. The edges of the calyx tube are green and the other cup parts yellowish. The five common sulfur - yellow petals are fused. Drying the petals, they turn into green. The corolla tube is slightly longer than the calyx, the throat shows five triangular orange spots. The flat coronary band has a diameter between 2.5 and 3.5 centimeters. The corolla lobes are wrong - heart-shaped.
Fruit and seeds
It forms an ovoid capsule fruit, which is about two-thirds as long as the calyx. The seeds measure about 2.5 millimeters in length and are brown in color with warty surface.
Chromosome number
The chromosome number is 2n = 22
Ecology
How many land plants survived the Stemless cowslip in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ( Glomeromycetes ). The plants reach an average an age of between 10 and 30 years, were also observed specimens that were over 48 years old. Young individuals bloom for the first time at the age of 20 months.
Most (91%) individuals are heterostyl, the minority monostyl. The flowers of the species are of a variety of insects, such as butterflies (Lepidoptera ), Hymenoptera ( Hymenoptera), beetles ( Coleoptera), dipterans (Diptera ) and others visited. What visitors are pollinators is not explored eventually. However, good pollinators should be bumble bees ( Bombus) and Wollschweber the genus Bombylius. However, the most frequent visitors of the flowers are small beetles of the genus Meligethes - often find yourself up to 12 all over with pollen covered individuals in a single bloom. The beetles also fly from flower to flower and come at least theoretically good as pollinators in question.
The seeds have a Elaiosom and ants ( Formicidae ) spread ( myrmecochory ).
The larvae of many butterflies live on the foliage leaves, these are mainly species of the genera Xestia, Noctua ( genus ) Noctua, and Diarsia idaea and others.
Occurrence and risk
The original distribution area of the stalk lots cowslip includes the western and southern Europe. In the north it extends from the middle of Norway concerning England, Denmark, North Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France to Southern Portugal in the south. To the east, the distribution area extends through the southern European peninsulas to the Crimea, Syria, Asia Minor and Armenia. The Stemless cowslip reached Algeria and Morocco, making it next to Primula simensis in Ethiopia is one of only two native to Africa Primrose species.
The Stemless cowslip is considered euatlantisch - Mediterranean - montane Florenelement. It is spread very patchy in Central Europe. Typical natural neighborhoods consist of up to 38 individuals who are taking up to 30 square meters, larger stocks are 18-61 m². In some places, Stemless cowslip is certainly planted, they run wild very easily.
The deposits in Germany are listed as endangered in the Red List of endangered species and designated in the Federal Nature Conservation Act as a specially protected. Common to rare occurrences there are in all Austrian provinces as well as in the Principality of Liechtenstein and South Tyrol, where the stocks in Salzburg and Liechtenstein are considered naturalized. The deposits in the Rhine region, in the northern foothills of the Alps and in the regions of the Pannonian floral province are considered endangered and are included in the Red List of endangered species in Austria.
The Stemless primrose thrives on fresh, good and slightly shaded ground. It is found mainly along creeks, under bushes, in orchards and sparse deciduous forests. Chance it also occurs in meadows.
System
In addition to the nominotypischen taxon Primula vulgaris subsp. vulgaris are several subspecies, varieties or forms:
- Primula vulgaris subsp. atlantica ( Maire & Wilczek ) Greuter & Burdet. as subsp. Balearica but with shorter flower stems, in the mountains of Algeria and Morocco.
- Primula vulgaris subsp. Balearica ( Willk. ) W.W.Smith & Forrest. with fragrant flowers and leaves almost bare, in the mountains of Mallorca.
- Primula vulgaris subsp. heterochroma ( Stapf ) WWSmith & Forrest with blue -purple flowers, on the Caspian Sea.
- Primula vulgaris subsp. rubra ( Sm ) Arcangeli with purple or red flowers, especially in the east of the range.
- Primula vulgaris var caulescens ( Koch) Schinz & Thellung. with extended, multiflorous flower stems.
- Primula vulgaris f albiflora Evers. with yellowish- white to pure white blooms.
Probably Primula vulgaris has ( Primula elatior ) developed by repeated mutation of the High cowslip, where especially the vital development of Elaiosoms and thus the myrmecochory represented an evolutionary advantage.
Hybrid
The Stemless cowslip is a major crop and the most important Kulturprimel. Hybrids now exist in all possible colors game species such as white, yellow and red, or brown and red in all shades, also dark red, pink, purple, purple, dark brown, dark blue. The throat is colored deep yellow in general.
Through breeding with the Real cowslip (Primula veris ) arise hybrids, which are classified as Primula × polyantha million, and are available in the morphological as well as in the ecological characteristics between the parental species. Also junctions with the High cowslip (Primula elatior ) are possible and create community -bearing, fertile hybrids, called the Primula × Digenea A.Kern. The triple hybrid Primula vulgaris × P. veris × P. elatior exists, although it is rare; it is Primula × murbeckii Lindq. mentioned.
At locations where overlaps the occurrence of several of these primroses, occur also in a natural way hybrids that are difficult to determine.
Use
In the past, Stemless cowslip was also used as a medicinal plant. It contains small amounts of saponins, but much less than the Cowslip and was administered with colds.
Today, the use is as an ornamental plant very prominent. Hybrids of stem lots cowslip in Germany have a market share of 6% of the selling bedding plants, representing a market volume of 120 million Euros (2008). Worldwide was the area under cultivation 1,841,724 acres.