Proteome

The entirety of all proteins in an organism, a tissue, a cell or a cell compartment, under precisely defined conditions and at a given moment, is called the proteome (eg proteome of man, the potato tuber, the bacterial cell, the nucleus ).

The proteome is in an equilibrium constant synthesis of new proteins and simultaneous reduction no longer required proteins. Thus, the proteome, in contrast to the relatively static genome continuously subject to change in its composition. These changes are controlled by complex regulatory processes and are significantly influenced by environmental stimuli, diseases, drugs and medicines. The proteome is thus a mirror of his environment and highly dynamic.

In bacterial cells, depending on the kind the proteome includes the 1000-10000 various types of protein molecules in humans is expected to 500000-1000000 protein species. It may happen that a protein-coding gene sequence by mRNA splicing (not in bacteria ) is synthesized by enzymes up to several hundreds of protein species ( modification forms) and subsequent modifications of the primary protein. These so-called post-translational ( taking place after protein synthesis) modifications can be explored using techniques of proteome.

Methods

For the study of proteomes, a variety of techniques available. One can distinguish between methods for the separation of the individual protein species and those measured for the characterization and identification thereof. The science of the study of the proteome is called proteomics (English proteomics ).

Separation

• Serial extractions
• Serial precipitations
• Chromatography
• Electrophoresis
• Centrifugation

Identification and characterization of

• Mass spectrometry
• NMR
• Protein sequencing by Edman degradation
• Staining with antibodies or other selective ligands
• Direct or coupled enzymatic evidence (eg colorimetrically with chromogenic substrates )
• Phenotypic evidence

With the analysis of the proteome, the Human Proteome Project employed (short HUPO ) as well as in Germany, the German Society for Proteome Research. Commercially, the protein pattern diagnostics, outside clinical practice, applied in the framework of cancer diagnosis and in the diagnosis of kidney disease.

After the largely completed sequencing the entire human genome anticipated from the analysis of the proteome, for example, a deep insight into the development of many diseases and, subsequently, the development of causal -acting drugs. The results of the proteome can be found in specific proteome databases, such as UniProt, GenBank, KEGG, Protein Data Bank, Reactome, Mascot and IEDB.

History

The term proteome was founded in 1994 by Australian Marc R. Wilkins at a scientific meeting for proteomics in Siena, Italy, in accordance with the terms and analogy genome and transcriptome, defined.

Results for proteome of human

In a first comprehensive study of the proteome of seven human cell lines was investigated and the intersection is determined therefrom, the central proteome called. This consisted of 1124 different proteins above the detection limit. From ten percent of the proteins, the function was not in the published version. The areas covered by the central proteome metabolic components are protein, primary metabolism, cell cycle and apoptosis. The data are provided on proteomecommons.org available.