Public art

Art in public space, also referred to as Public Art, is regarded as a collective term for works of art from different periods and styles that can be experienced in the municipal public space, ie in urban parks, streets or places of everyone.

Development

Art in public space is in communication with the emergence of public space from about the 19th century. The content and time span of the public art includes the sometimes over a hundred years old equestrian statues and fountains in the parks as well as current works and projects. Politically appointed work as the Karl- Marx- head in Chemnitz among them. In Germany, the action is considered "plastic outdoor " from 1953 in Hamburg as early attempt to make art by setting up in a public space available to everyone. One of the best known examples of art in public space are the Nanas of Niki de Saint -Phalle in Hanover in 1974, their lineup was once very controversial. As a striking example of the sculpture Stationary traffic by Wolf Vostell from 1969 can be called in Cologne.

Public art does not have to express in fixed installations, but can also take the form of actions or in other contemporary artistic forms, such as a street or graffiti mural. One of the most famous works of temporary art in public space is the wrapping of the Reichstag by Christo and Jeanne -Claude in Berlin in 1995.

Another tradition is the branch of art in architecture, invest in public since the 1930s and some private developers a share of the construction costs in the artistic design of the project both internally and externally.

Culture for all!

The perception of art in public space changed with the claim of the democratization of art in the 1960s and 1970s. In the late 1960s gave Hilmar Hoffmann, then Cultural Officer of the City of Frankfurt am Main, the slogan " culture for all! " From. Elsewhere, for bodies were set up in many cultural administrations. Today, many local cultural agencies involved in art in public space, art competitions lead by the media and present the art inventory on site.

Influential was the development in Hanover, where experiments with street art in the years 1970 to 1974 for the first time raised the issue of art and the image of the city in a direct relationship. For provisional closure of the project, the city Nana bought up and put it on the line at the edge of the old town. This triggered a public debate on the role of modern art in the city. According to political disputes Nanas were from 1974, the beginning of 1986 continued Sculpture Mile Hannover. In 2000, she was finished with eight objects. To a continuation of street art projects, it came between 1990-1994, whose most outstanding BUSSTOPS with artistically designed bus stops was.

Despite the local protests in Hanover since the 1970s modern art in public space rather naturally present and constantly evolving. At the same time art is a subject of public debate and outrage has long been the artistic figurehead with an "art without a roof " ( Ludwig Zerull 1992) well-stocked city.

Establishment and perpetuation

Volker Plagemann took over in 1973, the Agency for Cultural Affairs in Bremen and established a program for art in public spaces and at the same time the label. When he moved to Hamburg in 1980, he created there from 1981, the largest ever program for public art. The constant budget of 1 Million Mark in the first year allowed long-term planning. In addition, the art and architecture was transferred in public buildings in the city in the program and so the responsibility of the building owner and architect to the culture administration of the city. Your art was a commission from private experts to the side. Irregular were particularly organized large-scale projects: " Hall 6 " 1982 Opening of the culture Kampnagel; " Jenisch Park Sculpture " in 1986 with twelve young German sculptors in Jenischpark; " Hamburg Project 1989 " with the Kunstverein in Hamburg and Kunsthaus Hamburg with 40 artists throughout the downtown area parallel to a major international exhibition; " Continue" in 1997 with experimental art; " FIELD SERVICE " 2000/ 01 with several exhibition stages and 21 artists. The works were always created especially for frequent self- selected by the artist places. A special role is played also several memorials in the city of Hamburg.

In the 21st century

Especially the change of the "fun society" to a society that seeks meaningful relationships again, led to the beginning of the 21st century to a new survey of regional culture values ​​. Art in public space wins as an expanded role for the maintenance of regional cultural memory in time mental representation by an artist, for example, King Albert Fountain in Plauen artist Norbert Marten. Furthermore serves public art for conveying cultural values ​​, as a kind of educational opportunities, but also for promoting the image of a community. Cities and towns that recognized this and took advantage of this potential, had next to the image gain commercial benefits through increased tourism.

In the course of intra- urban change, which lose the inner cities, more and more attraction than their urban living space, gives art in public space again invigorating, attractive components. Therefore, they will become more and more in urban planning and is part of a conceptual design space. Such works of art must be taken into account on the one hand local, technical, construction specifications and conditions, on the other hand they are also committed to the content, aesthetic and artistic statements. Works of art in the roundabout about must focus particularly on transport solutions. Often the tasks to an artist who works for the public space, complex and multidisciplinary solve.

Skulptur.Projekte in Münster

To provide an open forum for discussion on art in public space, hosted the city of Münster since 1977, every 10 years the nationally significant exhibition Skulptur.Projekte in the public space of the city. In this world unique exhibition project is about a concrete dispute internationally renowned artists with the urban space. 2007, the fourth event of this kind took place.

Demarcation for art in architecture

Art in public space differs from " Kunst am Bau ". Since the 1920s, in Germany during the construction or renovation of state buildings, a certain proportion - was spent on art and architecture - usually 1% of the construction costs. These works of art then disappear inside government buildings such as the Federal President ( Lothar Baumgarten: courtyard design, 2003) or are visible on the building belonging to the open space clearly ingrained in the public consciousness as Chillida's sculpture in front of the Federal Chancellery in Berlin. Art in architecture often appears quite directly to the public space, but is usually on the private property.

Public art can not be operated by the state, so the federal government and the provinces, because the public space is usually owned by the cities and towns. Only applies to the city states of Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg in their dual function as a state and a municipality in the 1970s, almost strategically bringing blending of both species and an associated detachment of the concepts of art in public space. The Bremen State Parliament has modified the existing 1952 regulation of the art in construction in 1973 and the funds placed separately from construction projects in budget places. For the first time appeared the term " public art " in the context of state and local funding to here more. From today's perspective, and it is like a time-specific development, which slowly dissolves in the face of tight household budgets. Regardless of the artistic area, but in relation to the far more significant surface states yet to be evaluated rather than marginal development will allow the two strands of the art outside of buildings surrounding a clear distinction.

Financing

The term of art in the public space is used regardless of the type of financing the works of art. Works of art in public space have been and are from government agencies ( Prince, local, state museums ), but also of private museums, galleries, businesses, booster clubs or individual patrons paid. In many works of art are made by artists for free.

Art competitions

Given the generally declining income opportunities of artists is the artists' interests into the area of ​​art competitions large despite the complexity. When national or international competition for art competitions numbers of participants are not uncommon in the hundreds height. Of these, usually a maximum of 20 artists will be invited for an implementation design, but only one can win. For the winners remains a fee, which may cover the cost. There are also invited art competitions. Here you instructed 5 to 10 artists to submit their proposals.

Public art is not always controlled from the top event. The cities provide their public space for privately funded or organized projects available; for example, the Hamburg Park Fiction Project, in which the art has organized beyond the management directly with citizens.

Overviews of art in public space

• Art in public space in Berlin -Karl Horst
• Public Art in Güglingen
• Public Art in Halle ( Saale)
• Public Art in Hilden
• Public Art in Langenhagen
• Public Art in Ludwigshafen
• Art in public space in Magdeburg
• Public Art in Munich
• Public Art in Osnabrück
• Public Art in Spandau

Figure rights

Art in public space can be mapped freely in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and many other countries by anyone, unless it is permanently installed in public spaces or from the latter (often: without equipment) is visible. No freedom of panorama for sculptures to know, for example, France, Belgium, Japan and the United States.