Puya (genus)

Puya raimondii, detail of an inflorescence of white flowers.

Puya is the only plant genus of the subfamily of Puyoideae from the family Bromeliaceae ( Bromeliaceae ). The about 250 species are found only on the South American continent.

  • 4.1 Outer systematics
  • 4.2 Internal systematics
  • 6.1 Notes and references

Description and ecology

Vegetative characteristics

Unlike many other genera of the Bromeliaceae Puya all species grow terrestrially ( on the ground) and have a ( unlike the epiphytic bromeliads ) very well developed root system. Many of the species have adaptations to survive drought well, they belong to the most succulent plants, especially the leaves of many species have a xeromorphen construction. The species within the genus Puya form of very different growth forms: from race - to cushion forming dwarf forms there are all sorts of sizes up to the giants among the bromeliads Puya raimondii. There are species with stems and what not. The leaves are always in rosettes, is usually formed in the center thereof only after decades of inflorescence. The stiff, tough, parallel venation leaves run out in a piercing tip. The leaf margin has downward hooked spines. The leaf sheaths are amplexicaul. The lower leaf surface is scaly.

Generative features

The simple racemose or aged men, or composite (ie branched ) inflorescences reach heights from 10 cm to several meters. The composite inflorescences can either be towards fertile to the tip or the tip region is sterile. In inflorescences, there are bracts, which are often covered, specifically hairy woolly with a ' wool', are (protection of the flowers from the cold and / or strong sunlight ).

The hermaphrodite, threefold flowers are attractive. The three petals are white, yellow, green, blue or purple. Pollination is by birds: hummingbirds and starlings ( Ornithophilie ); especially colors with blue components are attractive to birds. The petals are ( petals ) curl up at the fading spiral one ( important feature for distinguishing species of closely related genera ).

Are formed with very small, narrow or wide winged seed pod fruit. The seeds are spread by wind ( Anemochorie ).

All Puya species have a chromosome base number of x = 25.

Ingredients

The Evolution of CAM photosynthesis occurred within the genus Puya several times.

Occurrence

The main distribution of the genus Puya are the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and central and northern Chile. But in other areas of South America and in the mountains of Central America, you can find some species.

They thrive in altitudes often 800-4800 meters, usually above 1500 meters. Only one group of seven closely related species comes in a Mediterranean climate in Chile at the level of the coast in front; it is also at the same time the southernmost area of the genus Puya, which is heavily insulated by the central Andes from the other areas of this genus.

Many species grow in arid ( dry ) regions. But (and this is again an exception among Bromeliaceae ) in very cool areas - a few species even in zones with up to -20 degrees Celsius. Often the species grow at altitudes where high sunlight is available. There are also species that thrive in damp locations. Puya species are important, characteristic Flore elements of different páramo areas.

Puya raimondii

Puya raimondii is the most famous in Europe, species of the genus Puya. It is not only within the bromeliads, but among all plants, the type with the largest inflorescence ( 7-8 feet tall ) in the world. Each of these plants need from seed to bloom about 100 years. This species is hapaxanth, that is, it dies after seed formation from. She lives at altitudes of about 4000 meters in Bolivia and Peru near Lake Titicaca.

Systematics and botanical history

The genus Puya was established by the Chilean priest and naturalist Juan Ignacio Molina in Saggio sulla storia naturale de Chili, 160, 351 in October, 1782. Puya chilensis Molina is the type species. The name comes from the Chilean Puya Mapuche Indians and the word " point "; Molina was no indication of what the name refers, but it's probably just the term used by the natives for these plants. A synonym for Puya Molina Ruiz & Pav is Pourretia. Most recent monograph of the genus Puya comes from Lyman B. Smith and RJ Downs in the flora Neotropica, 14, 1, 1974.

Outer systematics

The genus Puya was, for example, 1896 filed by Mez in a subtribe Puyinae, 1934-1935 by Mez in a tribe Puyeae, 1988 by Varadarajan & Gilmartin in a tribe Puyeae. For a long time ( for example, by Smith & Downs 1974) it was placed in the subfamily Pitcairnioideae. Only by Givnish et al. In 2007, this changed. This relatively species-rich genus proved in the current decades extent in the latest molecular genetic studies as monophyletic. In the pedigree of the Bromeliaceae she is a sister group of the subfamily of Bromelioideae and this fact accordingly it forms its own new subfamily Puyoideae Givnish. The genus Puya is one of the most species-rich genera of the Bromeliaceae family.

Inside systematics

The species-rich genus Puya is in the two subgenera Puya (contains a few species ) and Puyopsis ( most types ) divided (Smith & Downs 1974). The subgenera are not monophyletic according Jabaily & Sytsma 2010, this makes a reorganization of the genus needed to be but still not enough data available.

  • Puya adscendens L.B.Smith
  • Puya aequatorialis André
  • Puya alata L.B.Sm.
  • Puya alba L.B.Sm.
  • Puya alpestris ( Poeppig ) Gay: It grows on dry slopes only in the Chilean Conception.
  • Puya alpicola L.B.Sm.
  • Puya angelensis E.Gross & Rauh
  • Puya angulonis L.B.Sm.
  • Puya angusta L.B.Sm.
  • Puya antioquiensis L.B.Sm. & R.W.Read
  • Puya araneosa L.B.Sm.
  • Puya argentea L.B.Sm.
  • Puya aristeguietae L.B.Smith
  • Puya asplundii LBSm. It is native to Ecuador.
  • Puya assurgens L.B.Sm.
  • Puya atra L.B.Sm.
  • Puya barkleyana L.B.Sm.
  • Puya bermejana Gomez: It occurs only in the Bolivian Tarija.
  • Puya berteroniana Mez: It occurs in the Chilean Coquimbo, Aconcagua, Valparaiso and Santiago.
  • Puya bicolor Mez
  • Puya boliviensis Baker
  • Puya boopiensis R.Vásquez, Ibisch & R.Lara: it was first described in the The Bromeliad, 2007, 2, pp. 86-93. It grows only at altitudes of about 950 meters in the Bolivian La Paz
  • Puya boyacana Cuatr.
  • Puya brachystachya ( Baker) Mez
  • Puya brackeana Manzan. & W.Till: It is native to Ecuador.
  • Puya bravoi Araóz & A.Grau: it was first described in 2008 from Argentina.
  • Puya brittoniana Baker
  • Puya cajasensis Manzan. & W.Till: It is native to Ecuador.
  • Puya cardenasii L.B.Sm.
  • Puya cardonae L.B.Sm.
  • Puya casmichensis L.B.Sm.
  • Puya castellanosii L.B.Sm.
  • Puya cerrateana L.B.Sm.
  • Puya chilensis Molina ( Syn: Pitcairnia chilensis Lodd Cat ex Loudon, Pitcairnia coarctata pers, Pourretia coarctata Ruiz & Pav, Puya coarctata fish, Puya gigantea André, Puya gigantea Philippi, Puya quillotana W.Weber, Puya suberosa Molina.. .. ): It is used in Chile.
  • Puya claudiae Ibisch, R.Vasquez & E.Gross: It occurs only in the Bolivian Santa Cruz.
  • Puya clava - herculis Mez & Sodiro: It thrives in Paramo at altitudes 3350-4200 meters in the Colombian department of Nariño and Ecuador Imbabura and Azuay.
  • Puya cleefii L.B.Smith & R.W.Read
  • Puya cochabambensis R.Vásquez & Ibisch
  • Puya coerulea Lindl.: Puya coerulea Lindl. var coerulea
  • Puya coerulea var intermedia ( LBSm. & Looser ) LBSm. & Looser
  • Puya coerulea var monteroana ( LBSm. & Looser ) LBSm. & Looser
  • Puya coerulea var violacea ( Brongn. ) L.B.Sm. & Looser
  • Puya floccosa var compacta ( Linden ) E.Morren
  • Puya floccosa ( Linden ) E.Morren var floccosa
  • Puya macbridei L.B.Sm. subsp. macbridei: It comes with two subspecies in the Peruvian Ancash at altitudes 2500-3000 meters before:
  • Puya macbridei subsp. yungayensis W.Weber
  • Puya nitida var glabrior L.B.Sm. & Read
  • Puya nitida Mez var nitida
  • Puya santosii Cuatr. var santosii
  • Puya santosii var verdensis Cuatr.
  • Puya trianae var amplior L.B.Sm. & Read
  • Puya trianae Baker var trianae
  • Puya - grandensis Vallo Vallo roughness var - grandensis
  • Puya Vallo - grandensis var simplex roughness

Use

Puya alpestris and Puya chilensis are among the few species that can be found in some parks and large gardens.

Swell

  • The Bromeliaceae family with their subfamilies in the APWebsite. ( Section systematics)
  • Rachel Schmidt Jabaily & Kenneth J. Sytsma: Phylogenetics of Puya ( Bromeliaceae ): Placement, major lineages, and evolution of Chilean species, in American Journal of Botany, 97, Issue 2, February 2010, pp. 337-356.
  • Werner Rauh: Bromeliads - Tillandsias and other cultural worthy bromeliads, Ulmer, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8001-6371-3.
  • Rachel Schmidt Jabaily & Kenneth J. Sytsma: Phylogenetics of Puya ( Bromeliaceae ): Placement, major lineages, and evolution of Chilean species, In: American Journal of Botany, Volume 97, Issue 2, 2010, pp. 337-356: Full Text online full-Text PDF. (Sections occurrence and systematics)
  • Lyman B. Smith & RJ Downs: Pitcairnioideae ( Bromeliaceae ), In: Flora Neotropica, 14, 1, 1974, pp. 1-662.
  • In "Species Index " on Puya click on Eric J. Gouda, Gouda Derek Butcher & Kees: Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads, Version 3.1 ( 2012). last seen on August 27, 2013 ( sections systematics and distribution )
Seed dispersal#Wind Lyman Bradford Smith Puya mirabilis Claude Gay Carl Christian Mez John Gilbert Baker Puya clava-herculis Departments of Colombia Digital Object Identifier
665589
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