Rhus typhina
Staghorn sumac (R. typhina ) pinnate leaves and female inflorescence
The staghorn sumac or Hirschkolbensumach ( Rhus typhina ) is a deciduous shrub of eastern North America. It was introduced in 1620 in Europe and is due to its distinct color in autumn is a widespread ornamental tree. The leaves are doing yellow, crimson bright orange and later in October. Its German name Hirschkolbensumach as well as the English name staghorn sumac is based on the characterizing feature of the kind: the strong, brown and tomentose hairy young shoots that are reminiscent of an overgrown with raffia deer antlers.
- 5.1 Literature
- 5.2 Notes and references
Description
The staghorn sumac is usually three to five meters high and can be in its natural range under favorable conditions to twelve meters high, multi-trunked tree. Usually the species grows shrub-like with broad crowns and short, crooked trees, with a maximum of 35 cm trunk diameter ( DBH ). In nutrient-poor, sandy soils they can numerous young shoots of flat- growing roots form, which develop into small thickets and often proliferate away from stem to about ten meters. The bark of older stems is gray and cracked, the bark of older branches is covered with numerous orange-brown Korkporen ( lenticels ).
The wood is light, soft and brittle. It has a nearly white sapwood and a green striped, orange core. The containers are arranged in groups and are prone to Verthyllung. A little known feature of the wood is its fluorescence. Under UV light, it shows a strong Neon yellow lights ( the color may vary).
The chromosome number is 2n = 30,
Buds, shoots and leaves
The vinegar tree forms in the crown area no end buds ( terminal buds ). The cone- shaped winter buds are about an inch long and are covered by a thick, brown fur felt. Bud scales missing.
The young shoots are densely hairy braunfilzig and verkahlen after three to four years. You have a round cord of orange - brown in color and contain a white milky sap that emerges in case of injury and on the environment is black. The Endtriebe complete with an inflorescence, further growth is taken from lateral buds ( sympodial branch ).
The leaves are alternate, pinnate 12-60 cm long and unpaired. The top is green and somewhat glossy, the lower whitish. The 5-10 cm long petioles and the leaf stem densely covered with soft hairs, the veins of the lower leaf surface is hairy. The leaf consists of 9-31 opposite or nearly opposite constantly arranged leaflets. Only the terminal leaflets is stalked. The length of the platelets is between 8 and 12 cm, the width is between 2 and 3 cm, wherein the average leaflets are the largest. The shape of the leaves varies from elliptic to oblong- lanceolate, often they are slightly sickle-shaped. The base is rounded, semi- cordate and somewhat irregularly shaped; the apex is tapered. The leaf margin is cut uneven, the tip but entire. The staghorn sumac is particularly striking for its autumn color, the leaves are doing yellow, orange and crimson bright later in October.
Flowers, fruits and seeds
The vinegar tree blooms in early summer, after driving off the leaves. It is dioecious, and usually the female flowers appear about a week before the male. The flowers form terminal inflorescences. The male inflorescences are yellow-green, up to 20 cm long, which is about one third larger than the more compact and reddish female inflorescences. Each flower has a 1.5 mm long and 0.5 mm wide cover slip, the inside of which is long haired. The single flower is fünfzählig. The cup is fünfzipfelig, hairy outside and inside bald and has a length of 1.5 mm. The petals are whitish to yellowish- green, 3.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide and hairy. Each flower has a striking, bright red, three-lobed disc. The stamp has three stigmas, male flowers have five stamens with large, orange -colored stamens and a rudimentary ovary.
The fruits are dry drupes, 4 mm long, 4.5 mm wide and slightly flattened. They are fully grown in August and be ready in the fall. Fruit development without fertilization ( parthenocarpy ) is frequent. The fruits are surrounded by a dense layer of long, red hair, the small, one-seeded stone core is light brown. The orange- brown seeds are about 2.7 mm long and 2 mm wide and contain no endosperm, so no nutritive tissue of the seed. The seeds are often dispersed by birds and germinate epigeal. The thousand-seed weight is 11 g
Toxicity and ingredients
All plant parts are poisonous, and the degree of toxicity and low toxicity is even questionable. The ingestion of larger amounts lead to stomach and intestinal problems, on the skin is the milky sap cause skin inflammation, splashed in the eyes may cause conjunctivitis.
The main active ingredients are tannins, ellagic acid and strongly acidic cell sap. Urushiols as in poison ivy are not detectable.
Vinegar tree in autumn
Sheet
Stängelbehaarung
Trunk cross -sectional
Grain
Distribution and habitat requirements
The natural area is located in the eastern United States and Canada. It extends from Nova Scotia and the lower part of the Saint Lawrence River towards the west to Iowa and Lake Huron, south along the Appalachian Mountains as far as Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida. As an ornamental tree for gardens and parks of the staghorn sumac is used especially in Central and Northern Europe, and is regarded in Germany as in- naturalization neophyte. For Austria, the indication is rare and scattered wild. In Switzerland, production and commercialization of Rhus thyphina are prohibited ( Release Ordinance of the Federal (SR 814.911 ), Annex 2).
On nutrient-rich soils in sunny southern slopes of West Virginia, Tennessee and Kentucky, the species is optimal growing conditions. There you can find them individually, in small groups or thickets in open areas. As undergrowth in forests it is not common. It provides only low demands on the soil, grows well on limestone and on bedrock and is also used as protection against erosion on poor, dry sites. Shunned be wet, sour and cold floors.
Systematics and botanical history
In the comprehensive 150 species genus Rhus Sumac the type of section is assigned, the characteristics of the section are flowers in terminal inflorescences, hairy, red fruits and unpaired pinnate leaves.
Horticulture significance of the geschlitztblättrigen forms:
- Rhus typhina ' Dissecta ' with deeply cut leaflets
- Rhus typhina ' Lacinata ' with extra strong slashed bracts in the inflorescence
Carl Linnaeus placed the Essigbaum 1753 in his Species Plantarum in the genre of the bill Hanfe and called him Datisca hirta. Material for vinegar tree he should have received by a North American tour of his pupil Pehr Kalm. Later he put the staghorn sumac Rhus typhina as in the genus Rhus. The epithet typhina is derived from the generic name of the cattail Typha from, that means approximately tube like a piston and describes the shape of the seed heads. The Style epithet hirta comes from Latin and means rauhaarig, bristly. The German name Hirschkolbensumach derived from the young shoots, which are reminiscent of a deer antler. The name vinegar tree goes back to the fact that its acidic fruits were added to the vinegar to enhance its acidity.
Use
For some Native American tribes was the kind of medical importance. The roots were used as a means of hemostasis, the fruits helped against diseases of the lungs and the tea made from the inner root bark relieved "internal problems ". The inner bark was used to prepare a light yellow color of the war paint or coloring substances.
The purported Indian Lemonade refreshing drink is made from water and the fruit of the tree vinegar and has a high content of vitamin C on. The fruits are sometimes used in the manufacture of vinegar.
The wood has no economic significance, but is suitable for cabinet-making.
However, importance had the kind as a source of tannin. Have a high content of, especially, the root bark, and the leaflets, and only the leaves are utilized. They contain before the onset of autumn colors 27 to 29 % tannin ( based on the dry weight), which is well suited for the tanning of leather. In the U.S. and several European countries, particularly tannic varieties (peak values up to 42%) were grown. The yields were about even in America at about 140 kg per hectare per year in Europe. However, they are among the yields that can be achieved with the species Rhus glabra and Rhus coppa lina. To Gerbstoffgewinnung it was grown in the United States, the former Czechoslovakia, Russia, Hungary and Germany. Today there are still regions in Pakistan.
In Europe, the vinegar tree serves as a popular and common ornamental shrub. He was taken to France about 1620 and 1621 is in a Parisian garden as " Sumac de Virginiana ". As of 1628, it can be detected in Leiden, from 1629 in London. In Germany, it can be first detected in a Duke of Brunswick Garden, where he has entered 1630-1651, 1654 in Königsberg in Prussia. But he was rarely cultivated in botanical gardens or other until the end of the 18th century. Beginning of the 19th century, he was taken to a German directory than ordinary pleasure bushes plant. For general circulation in parks and gardens he came only in the second half of the 20th century.