Russula adusta
The smoke Brauner Schwärz - Russula ( Russula adusta )
The smoke Brown Schwärz - Täubling or Brandtäubling ( Russula adusta ) is a mushroom of the family of Täublingsverwandten. He is one of the first russulas that appear throughout the year. Although it is similar macroscopically some other species of the section Compactae, but his strong musty smell marks him sufficiently. His flesh turns pink in the gate first and then slowly gray.
- 4.1 Infra Generic Systematics
- 4.2 forms and varieties
- 6.1 Notes and references
Features
Macroscopic characteristics
The cap is 7-20 cm wide. Jung is the hat convex and has a rolled edge but soon he is down and printed later even slightly funnel-shaped. He is whitish to pale beige or beige to pale brown. In damp weather, the hat skin is sticky, shiny when dry. You are not removable.
The fins are pretty tight. They are arched and aged slightly decurrent and have more or less many intermediate lamellae. The color is off-white and dark gray to blackish in age. The spore powder is white (Ia according Romagnesi ).
The stem is 4-10 cm long and 1.5-3 cm wide. He looks short and stocky and has a cylindrical shape. The stem base is often irregularly wrinkled up pitted. The stem is always pale smoke gray and not dark gray.
The meat is hard, brittle and whitish. In case of breach, it turns until pink and then slowly gray. The Täubling smells inconspicuous or old wine barrels. The taste is sweet, but not tasty, but dull earthy. The meat changes color with ferrous sulfate only orange and olive - gray, with 10% formalin, it turns pink - orange and guaiac it reacts only weakly.
Microscopic characteristics
The oval spores (7-9 × 6-8 microns ) have very small warts, which are rarely more than 0.2-0.3 microns high. They are connected by very fine lines with each other, which form a nearly complete network with numerous small stitches. The basidia (30 ) 50-60 (78 ) microns long and 7.5-11 (12 ) microns wide. They usually have four, rarely two to three 5-6 microns long sterigmata. Pleurocystidia usually come frequently, they are 50-100 microns long and 5-7 ( 11) microns wide, they are almost cylindrical and blunt at the tip. In Sulfovanillin the Zystiden color on top of blue and pink below.
The hyphae of the hat skin are narrow, only about 2-4 microns wide and contain Vakuolenpigmente, membrane pigments are not available. The Pileozystiden, when present, usually non-septate, they have approximately the same shape as the as pleurocystidia. Also, they can be stained with Sulfovanillin. Primordialhyphen not occur.
Ecology
The smoke Brown Täubling like all russulas a mycorrhizal fungus, which is primarily a symbiosis with pine. In addition, spruces and firs can rarely also serve as hosts. Only in exceptional cases the Täubling also enters into a symbiosis with deciduous trees.
It is the Täubling in Luzulo beech forests with interspersed spruce or Scots pine, found in montane fir-beech forests, fir and spruce forests and in the corresponding coniferous forest thinning.
The fungus preferably acidic, nutrient-poor, moderately dry to fresh, shallow to medium enigmatic soils. He usually occurs on sandy to loamy sandy podzols and brown earths podsolierten (Hagerstown soils) to crystalline substrate. In mesophilic beech, beech-fir forests and scree slope we find the fungus only occasionally superficially strong abgesauerten points on thick humus layers in the root zone of spruce or pine forest.
The fruiting from July to October from the lowlands to the higher mountains.
Dissemination
The smoke is a brown Russula Holarctic species and is almost in front of the entire northern hemisphere. He was found in North Asia (Asia Minor, Japan, South Korea), North America (USA), North Africa (Morocco, Algeria) and Europe. As a meridional to boreal species it is common in Europe from the Mediterranean to the colder Scandinavian countries.
In Germany we find the Täubling in all provinces. He is distracted by the Danish coast to the northern Alps in before. He is often local, as where it occurs, it is most often encountered.
System
The Latin Artatttribut ( epithet ) " adusta " which is from the Latin verb adurere ( scorch, burn ) is derived, as well as the German name Brandtäubling an indication of the blackening fruiting bodies that look like burnt in old age.
Infra Generic Systematics
The Schwarza Running Täubling belongs to the sub-section Nigricantinae, which is in the subgenus Compactae. In this sub- section are summarized russulas whose flesh reddens with injury, gray or blackened. He is closely related to the Dichtblättrigen Schwärz - Russula ( Russula densifolia ) and the black start ends Russula ( Russula albonigra ).
Forms and varieties
The following forms and varieties have been described:
Culinary importance
The young mushroom is indeed edible, but not tasty.